Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The gastrointestinal peptide, pancreastatin, has been shown to inhibit insulin release and exocrine pancreatic secretion in the rat. Human pancreastatin-like peptides first isolated from a carcinoid tumor, are expressed in human islets of Langerhans. To investigate the influence of human pancreastatin-16 (hP-16) on oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) in non-diabetic humans, we synthesized the C-terminally amidated human pancreastatin peptide. Healthy male volunteers (n = 6) received in a double-blind placebo-controlled study a 75 g standard OGTT during the i.v. infusion of hP-16 (10 pmol/kg/min) or saline over a time period of 3 h. Peak glucose levels (mg/dl) declined from 151.4 +/- 10.3 (control) to 122.5 +/- 9.7 (hP-16) (mean +/- SEM), peak insulin levels (microU/ml) from 46.3 +/- 2.9 (hP-16) to 32.2 +/- 4.0 (control) and peak C-peptide levels (pmol/ml) from 1.9 +/- 0.1 (hP-16) to 1.2 +/- 0.1 (control). Integrated incremental glucose, insulin and C-peptide responses were reduced by 47% (p < 0.001), 23% (p < 0.05) and 15% (p < 0.05), respectively. In conclusion, these findings indicate that hP-16 attenuates the elevation of blood glucose and insulin levels after an oral glucose load in non-diabetic humans.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1998
PMID:Effect of human pancreastatin peptide (hP-16) on oral glucose tolerance in man. 971 Mar 57

We present the case of a 52-year old patient diagnosed with carcinoid tumour of the rectum with liver metastases in which treatment with somatostatin analogues (octreotide) proved very effective in the disappearance of the symptomatology and dramatic efficacy in the regression of the tumour. Imaging by octreoscan was always negative. The role of octreotide in the treatment of carcinoid tumour and the usefulness of In-111-pentetreotide (octreoscan) in the localization and prediction of the response to treatment with octreotide is discussed. We conclude that the negative result of the scintigraphic image with octreoscan does not necessarily suppose the inefficacy of octreotide treatment. We believe that this may constitute an important issue since some patients may be denied octreotide treatment in the absence of a positive octreoscan result.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1998
PMID:Efficacy of octreotide in the regression of a metastatic carcinoid tumour despite negative imaging with In-111-pentetreotide (Octreoscan). 971 Mar 64

Somatostatin is a tetradeca peptide hormone produced by many different endocrine cells throughout the body. It is also present in both the central and peripheral nervous system. The peptide has many different moods of action including inhibition of hormone secretion and influence on gastrointestinal motility. Somatostatin was identified in 1973 and about 10 years later the first long-acting analogue, octreotide, became available for use in clinical trials. Somatostatin analogues have been used to treat patients with neuroendocrine tumors, such as carcinoid tumors and endocrine pancreatic tumors, with symptoms due to excessive hormone production. It also has a well-documented effect on hormone levels and symptoms in acromegalic patients, while the use in diabetes mellitus is less well established. Several new analogues have been developed and tested for clinical use and lately non-peptide analogues have been produced. These new somatostatin receptor subtype specific analogues will soon be tested in clinical trials. In this review article the development of new analogues and new preparations of old analogues and their use in the clinic is discussed.
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PMID:Somatostatin receptor ligands and their use in the treatment of endocrine disorders. 1049 60

The plasma soluble melanins (PSM) form spontaneously in vitro and in vivo and their formation involves oxidative polymerization and copolymerization of dopa, catecholamines, homogentisic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, p-aminophenol, p-phenylenediamine, and other end(ex)ogenous ortho and para polyhydroxy-, (poly)hydroxy(poly)amino- and polyamino-phenyl compounds. The build up of PSM is visible within 2-3 h after the start of incubation at 37 degrees C with 1 mg/ml of plasma. PSM also form similarly in blood and these processes cause hemolysis. The mean quantity of PSM in normal human plasma is 1.61+/-0.1 (S.D.) mg/ml (n = 20) and in normal human urine is 1.1+/-1.2 g/24 h collection (n = 8). They contribute to the yellow color of plasma and urine. Antioxidants delay the formation of PSM. The deposited melanins also form from these precursors. Reactive oxygen side products (ROSP) are generated during and after melanogenesis. Melanins in vivo are generally associated with proteins or with proteins and lipids. The PSM-protein-lipid complexes are called plasma soluble lipofuscins (PSL), because they have histochemical and fluorescence properties similar to those of solid lipofuscins. The soluble and deposited melanins (SDM) and their intermediates have similar toxic chemical reactivities. The oxidizing quinoid (they can produce partially and completely substituted conjugates) and the semiquinoid free radical intermediates are also moieties in most human melanin structures. Soluble melanins formed from dopa, or dopamine, or norepinephrine in weak alkaline solution have been shown to be toxic to human CD4+ lymphoblastic cells (MT-2) at higher than 10 microg/ml concentrations. Alkaptonuria with high levels of homogentisic acid in the plasma is a potentially fatal disease, exhibiting the toxic effects of the homogentisic acid melanin (soluble and deposited), its intermediates and the ROSP. Patients with alkaptonuria develop arthritis and often suffer from other diseases too, including cardiovascular disease (frequent cause of death) and kidney disease. Pheochromocytoma, with high levels of catecholamines in the plasma is another potentially fatal disease. The catecholamine PSM of pheochromocytoma have very light yellow or practically no colors, due to the concentrations and chemical structures. Pheochromocytomas can cause hypertension, cardiovascular disease (frequent cause of death), kidney disease, stroke, cancer, amyloid formation and can mimic many other diseases, including acute pancreatitis, carcinoid, neuroblastoma, psychiatric illness, hypercalcemia, retinal vascular lesions, and diabetes mellitus. Pheochromocytoma is potentially fatal even in patients without hypertension. Following trauma and surgery, heavily pigmented eyes are apt to experience greater inflammation than lightly pigmented eyes. In Parkinson's disease those neurons are lost first in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus which contain the greatest amounts of neuromelanins. The antihypertensive alphamethyldopa causes Parkinson's syndrome. It forms PSM in a short time in vitro. The side effects of L-dopa (immobility episodes alternate with normal or involuntary movements; psychotic abnormalities) suggest that the SDM, their intermediates and the ROSP present naturally in vivo are involved in the cause of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. There is a large overlap between these two diseases. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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PMID:The probable involvement of soluble and deposited melanins, their intermediates and the reactive oxygen side-products in human diseases and aging. 1124 35

Uniparental disomy (UPD) is a condition in which diploid individuals possess a chromosome pair from a single parent. In some instances, UPD causes an abnormal phenotype due to imprinting effects, reduction to homozygosity at recessive disease loci, or trisomy mosaicism. Here we report the first account of an individual with apparently nonmosaic complete maternal isodisomy of chromosome 8. This individual was identified during routine genotyping in a genomewide search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes, although he does not have diabetes. He is of normal appearance, stature, and intelligence, but there is an unusual history of early onset ileal carcinoid. The discovery of other maternal UPD 8 cases will be necessary to define whether this condition causes a distinct phenotype.
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PMID:Complete maternal isodisomy of chromosome 8 in an individual with an early-onset ileal carcinoid tumor. 1092 83

The history of a 45-year-old male type 1 diabetic patient is presented. At the age of 29 years, he was diagnosed to have an autoimmune hepatitis with incipient liver cirrhosis. Five years later, a successful liver/pancreas transplantation was performed. Eighteen months later, however, pancreatic insufficiency occurred due to thrombosis of the pancreatic graft. Besides these conditions, iron deficiency, pernicious anemia, and autoimmune gastritis were also diagnosed. Serum parietal cell antibodies (PCA) and intrinsic factor antibodies (AIF) were positive. At 45, this patient was found to have a gastric carcinoid tumor. The clinical importance of PCA is discussed with regard to chronic atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia, which both predispose toward gastric carcinoid tumors. Autoimmune type 1 diabetic patients who have a high prevalence of PCA should be screened for gastric autoimmune manifestations and tumors, as the history of this patient illustrates.
J Diabetes Complications
PMID:Autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune gastritis, and gastric carcinoid in a type 1 diabetic patient: a case report. 1095 74

Bronchoplastic and reconstructive operations (BPRO) are a major issue in the broad methodological spectrum of thoracic surgery. It is the aim of the study to analyze the indications, operative technique and results of such operations on the basis of experience gained in the Clinic of Thoracic Surgery over a 5-year period. A total of 19 patients (14 men and 5 women) at mean age 50.7 y (range 16 to 70 y) are operated. By histological variant of the tumor operated on, the patients are distributed as follows: carcinoid--4 cases, fibromas--1, squamous cell carcinoma--10, adenocarcinoma--1, bronchoalveolar carcinoma--1, small-cell carcinoma--1 and leiomyosarcoma--one. The reconstructive operations performed include: isolated bronchus resection--2, right upper lobectomy with cuff resection--7, right upper bilobectomy with cuff resection--2, left upper lobectomy with cuff resection--7 (in two instances in conjunction with angioplasty), and left lower lobectomy with cuff resection and angioplasty--one. No intraoperative and perioperative lethality (within 30 days) is recorded. An overweight female patient with diabetes hardly lending itself to compensation develops severe suppuration. In two instances serious concurrent complications necessitate reoperation. Overall postoperative hospital stay--20 days; without the 3 severe complications--12.8 days. One patient dies of brain metastases within 6 months of the intervention. The survivorship term in the remainder varies from 1 year to 4 years 9 months, averaging 31 months. There are no stenoses or granulations of the anastomoses requiring endoscopic treatment. Presumably, BPRO are an adequate therapeutic approach to patients presenting centrally located malignant and benign tumors. The results of their application in the series being examined are estimated as very good.
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PMID:[Plastic and reconstructive surgery of the bronchial tree]. 1148 51

A case of acromegaly, secondary to GHRH secretion by a large bronchial carcinoid is reported. A 61-year-old woman presented with typical symptoms and signs of acromegaly for at least 10 years. She suffered from recurrent pneumonias, but repeated chest X-ray examinations failed to demonstrate the bronchial tumor. The diagnosis was confirmed by elevated GH, IGF-1 and GHRH secretion. We have shown an enlarged pituitary gland without focal lesions together with a cerebral meningioma on MRI and the presence of a bronchial carcinoid tumor. The latter was confirmed by histology carried out after bronchoscopy and tumor excision. We observed partial suppression of GH secretion following short-term oral bromocriptine administration in this patient. Surgical removal of the carcinoid tumor resulted in a complete clinical, hormonal and radiological cure of acromegaly. This case of acromegaly due to ectopic GHRH secretion by bronchial carcinoid differs from others described in the literature by an atypical large tumor size, the suppression of elevated GH secretion by oral bromocriptine and a concomitant meningioma.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2002 Jun
PMID:Acromegaly due to GHRH-secreting large bronchial carcinoid. Complete recovery following tumor surgery. 1205 43

A 74-year-old man was diagnosed with thymic carcinoid metastatic to the mediastinum. Two years later, he developed left and then right facial palsy. Four additional episodes of facial palsy developed within 2 years, followed by an occurrence of nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. While recurrent facial palsy is uncommon, it may occur in the presence of various systemic conditions such as carcinoid, diabetes, infection, and neoplasm. The presence of recurrent facial palsy logically warrants an evaluation for systemic disease.
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PMID:Recurrent facial palsy occurring with metastatic thymic carcinoid and nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. 1264 70

Functioning gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors produce and secrete different substances that can be detected in the plasma and cause hormone-related syndromes. Symptoms such as diarrhea associated either with typical skin rash or peptic ulcer disease may be suggestive of the presence of intestinal carcinoid or gastrinoma. Other clinical manifestations such as severe hypoglycemia, diabetes, necrolytic erythema and gallbladder disease may also indicate an endocrine tumor. Sometimes, patients present no, or just vague, symptoms such as dyspepsia or abdominal pain and nonfunctioning endocrine tumors in these patients can be found incidentally during diagnostic imaging procedures or at operation. Usually, the diagnosis is established by the measurement of the specific tumor marker in the plasma and, sometimes, in the urine. In some cases, normal basal hormone levels are observed even in the presence of typical symptoms. Therefore, stimulatory tests such as the secretin test for gastrinomas are required to establish the diagnosis. General markers for the diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors are also available. Among these, chromogranin A has proved to be of great value for diagnosing nonfunctioning tumors and is considered the most sensitive general marker. The availability of both specific and general markers as well as stimulatory tests may enable the clinician to diagnose functioning gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors at an early stage and to recognize nonfunctioning tumors.
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PMID:Biochemical diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors. 1271 97


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