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Burning mouth syndrome is an intraoral pain disorder, stinging and/or itching sensation of the tongue or oral mucous membranes. Numerous causes have been suggested, including local factors such as candidiasis and denture trauma, systemic factor such as nutritional deficiencies, diabetes and climacteric, xerostomia, miscellaneous conditions such as psychogenic factors. A systematic approach for the success in diagnosis and treatment is included history taking, complete mouth examination and laboratory investigation.
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PMID:[Burning mouth syndrome]. 264 Jun 74

Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by a burning sensation in the tongue or other oral sites, usually in the absence of clinical and laboratory findings. Affected patients often present with multiple oral complaints, including burning, dryness and taste alterations. Burning mouth complaints are reported more often in women, especially after menopause. Typically, patients awaken without pain but note increasing symptoms through the day and into the evening. Conditions that have been reported in association with burning mouth syndrome include chronic anxiety or depression, various nutritional deficiencies, type 2 diabetes (formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes) and changes in salivary function. However, these conditions have not been consistently linked with the syndrome, and their treatment has had little impact on burning mouth symptoms. Recent studies have pointed to dysfunction of several cranial nerves associated with taste sensation as a possible cause of burning mouth syndrome. Given in low dosages, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants may be effective in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Topical capsaicin has been used in some patients.
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PMID:Burning mouth syndrome. 1187 78

Glossopyrosis (Glossodynie, Burning mouth syndrome) is not a independent diagnosis it is only a symptom of a lot clinical pictures. Local diseases like glossitis, allergies and tumors of the tongue are best known from ENT-doctors. But there are also gastrointestinal, immunologic, neurologic, psychiatric and dermatologic diseases cause glossopyrosis. Glossopyrosis may be the first symptom of HIV infection, Diabetes or a depression long before manifestation of the full clinical picture. Also dental materials and drugs are iatrogenic factors for glossopyrosis. The multifarious differential diagnosis were described and discussed.
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PMID:[Glossopyrosis--diagnosis and therapy]. 1594 62

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been comparatively recently isolated as the separate nosologic diagnosis. This disease is characterized by the feeling of burning, dryness, numbness, pricking and seldom by pain in the tongue or mouth cavity area (palate, lips, alveoli) without any changes in mucous membrane. Absence of visible causes of the disease complicates its treatment and makes the patients to address the physicians of various profiles, often without any result. All the above stated made the authors to define the etiologic factors of various clinical versions of BMS and to carry out their differential diagnostics along with the development of pathogenetic therapy of BMS. 30 women of 40 to 70 year of age were examined. According to the anamnesis, BMS was developing gradually and in most cases it was associated with the aggravation of the existing disease (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, aggravation of climacteric state) or with deterioration of psycho-emotional sphere due to conflicting situation. The carried out studies enabled the authors to select and divide patients with BMS into groups according to clinical values and the etiologic factors. In most cases diverse clinical versions of the burning mouth syndrome are cause-and-effect expressions of various somatic diseases, the timely determination and adequate therapy of which give the best results in the struggle against BMS.
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PMID:[Role of various etiologic factors in the development of burning mouth syndrome]. 1690 8

Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by both positive (burning pain, dysgeusia and dysesthesia) and negative (loss of taste and paraesthesia) sensory symptoms involving the lips and tongue, mainly the tip and anterior two-thirds. BMS patients report a persistently altered (metallic) taste or diminished taste sensations. Acidic foods such as tomatoes and orange juice cause considerable distress. Most of the common laboratory tests suggested for BMS patients will be negative as well. BMS is best subcategorized as primary BMS, no other evident disease, and secondary BMS, which is defined as oral burning from other clinical abnormalities. The presence of BMS is very uncommon before the age of 30; 40 years for men. The onset in women usually occurs within three to 12 years after menopause, and is higher in women who have more systemic disease. Quantitative assessment of the sensory and chemosensory functions in BMS patients reveals that the sensory thresholds (significantly higher) are different than in controls. Tongue biopsies have shown that there is a significantly lower density of epithelial nerve fibers for BMS patients than controls. The above data generally support the idea that BMS is a disorder of altered sensory processing which occur following the small fiber neuropathic changes in the tongue. BMS patients frequently have depression, anxiety, sometimes diabetes, and even nutritional/mineral deficiencies, but overall these co-morbid diseases do not fully explain BMS. The management of BMS is still not satisfactory, but because BMS is now largely considered to be neuropathic in origin, treatment is primarily via medications that may suppress neurologic transduction, transmission, and even pain signal facilitation more centrally. Finally, spontaneous remission of pain in BMS subjects has not been definitely demonstrated. The current treatments are palliative only, and while they may not be much better than a credible placebo treatment, few studies report relief without intervention.
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PMID:Burning mouth syndrome: an update on diagnosis and treatment methods. 1696 71

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by oral dysesthesia, xerostomia and dysgeusia without visible alterations of oral mucosa. While secondary BMS results from an underlying general condition such as diabetes or iron deficiency, no causal disorder can be identified in primary BMS. The estimated prevalence is 1 - 2%, postmenopausal women are substantially more frequently affected than men. Current etiologic concepts assume a focal peripheral and central neuropathy. Only few controlled drug trials have yet been conducted. Thioctic acid appears the medical treatment of choice due to its comparatively good evidence for efficacy and low incidence of adverse reaction. Gabapentin and pregabalin are modern GABA-analogue anticonvulsants, which are also efficient in the treatment of peripheral neuropathies. Also conceptually appropriate for BMS treatment, current evidence for efficacy in BMS is insufficient. In two trials, local oral treatment with clonazepam has been beneficial in BMS. The efficacy of antidepressants is equivocal.
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PMID:[Burning mouth syndrome]. 1754

"Burning mouth syndrome" (BMS) refers to a chronic orofacial pain disorder usually unaccompanied by mucosal lesions or other clinical signs of organic disease. BMS is typically characterized by a continuous, spontaneous, and often intense burning sensation as if the mouth or tongue were scalded or on fire. Burning mouth syndrome is a relatively common condition. The estimated prevalence of BMS reported in recent studies ranges between 0.7 and 4.6% of the general population. About 1.3 million American adults, mostly women in the postmenopausal period, are afflicted with BMS. The etiology of this disorder is poorly understood even though new evidence for a possible neuropathic pathogenesis of idiopathic BMS is emerging. Burning mouth syndrome may present as an idiopathic condition (primary BMS type) distinct from the symptom of oral burning that can potentially arise from various local or systemic abnormalities (secondary BMS type), including nutritional deficiencies, hormonal changes associated with menopause, local oral infections, denture-related lesions, xerostomia, hypersensitivity reactions, medications, and systemic diseases including diabetes mellitus. In more than a third of patients, multiple, concurrent causes of BMS may be identified. It is important to note that the diagnosis of BMS should be established only after all other possible causes have been ruled out. Professional delay in diagnosing, referring, and appropriately managing of BMS patients occurs frequently. Treatment should be tailored to each patient and it is recommended to practice the treatment in a multidisciplinary facility. This article discusses our current understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of BMS. The authors have tried to emphasize new pharmacological approaches to manage this challenging disorder.
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PMID:Burning mouth syndrome: will better understanding yield better management? 1755 86

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by the presence of burning, paresthesia or pain of the oral mucosa in the absence of pathologic lesions revealed during the clinical examination. Moreover, the pain may be accompanied by oral dryness, hypersensitivity to some food compounds and taste disorders. Etiopathogenesis of this condition remains unclear. Potential local causative factors include among the others mechanical irritation, parafunctions and dysfunctions of the stomatognathic system, contact allergy to dental materials and electro-galvanic phenomena. Potential systemic causes include diabetes mellitus, B group vitamin deficiency (vitamins B1, B2, B6 and B12), folic acid and iron deficiency, hormonal imbalance, gastrointestinal diseases, psychiatric and neurological disorders and drug-induced side effects. The hypothesis concerning the role of hormonal changes in the development of BMS seems to be confirmed by a high incidence of this condition in perimenopausal women. Up to now, due to an unclear etiology of the disease, the treatment is very often ineffective and mainly symptomatic, which may exacerbate patient's anxiety and discomfort. In this paper we present the main etiologic factors of the burning mouth syndrome. We discuss the basic diagnostic and therapeutic methods and the influence of hormonal replacement therapy on the course of BMS based on the current medical reports.
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PMID:Burning mouth syndrome - a common dental problem in perimenopausal women. 2632 55