Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chromium (III) has recently been shown to be an essential trace mineral in rats, being required for normal function of insulin in controlling glucose metabolism. Chromium is transported in the body bound to transferrin, where it binds competitively with iron. Hemochromatosis is an iron storage disease in humans characterized by highly saturated transferrin levels and sometimes by diabetes. We postulated that the diabetes may be due to exclusion of chromium by iron at metabolic binding sites. 51Cr(III) was administered i.v. to 5 normal males, 6 patients with hemochromatosis prior to therapeutic removal of iron, and 5 patients with varying levels of iron loading. The retention of 51Cr was measured with a whole-body counter for 8 mo and blood levels were measured for 40--80 days. Analysis of the whole-body retention curves revealed 3 exponential components with T1/2s of .56 days, 12.7 days, and 192 days; the blood curves had 4 components with T1/2s of 13 min; 6.3 hr, 1.9 days, and 8.3 days. The T1/2s were not significantly different between the normals and patients. The coefficients of these components however, were significantly lower for the long T1/2 components in the iron-loaded patients, demonstrating reduced retention of 51Cr as postulated. Whether this reduced retention of chromium is causally related to diabetes in hemochromatosis and whether abnormal chromium metabolism is involved in endogenous diabetes, thus, becomes an important question for future study.
 ...
PMID:Reduced chromium retention in patients with hemochromatosis, a possible basis of hemochromatotic diabetes. 10 24

We studied 12 members of a family with precirrhotic hemochromatosis to define the physiologic abnormalities in the asymptomatic phase of the disease. Six of 12 had increased iron stores; the mode of inheritance was consistent with an autosomal dominant trait. Serum ferritin levels were no more predictive of tissue iron levels than measurements of serum iron, transferrin saturation or chelatable iron excretion. In three affected family members intestinal iron content was normal. Liver proline hydroxylase activity and urinary hydroxyproline excretion did not correlate with tissue iron content, suggesting that, in addition to the possible role of tissue iron, hepatic fibrosis may involve other factors. "Borderline diabetes mellitus" was present in three affected family members, but extensive studies revealed that pituitary dysfunction is uncommon in early hemochromatosis. Increased levels of liver iron proved to be the most reliable marker for the disease.
 ...
PMID:Familial hemochromatosis. Physiologic studies in the precirrhotic stage of the disease. 19 51

To clarify further the etiology of the carbohydrate intolerance in idiopathic hemochromatosis, we investigated the glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon responses to arginine (0.5 g/kg) infused during 30 min in lean normal subjects; in insulin-requiring subjects with hemochromatosis, genetic diabetes, and total pancreatectomy; and in nondiabetic cirrhotic subjects without portosystemic shunting. Serum insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon responses (30K antibody) were determined by RIA, and glucose level was determined by a glucose oxidase technique. Hemochromatotic and genetic diabetic subjects had similar basal glucose (157 +/- 25 vs. 168 +/- 40 mg/dl) and C-peptide (0.73 +/- 0.42 vs. 0.65 +/- 0.22 ng/ml) values, with subnormal C-peptide peak responses to stimulation (1.05 +/- 0.38 and 1.40 +/- 0.83 vs. 3.95 +/- 0.4 ng/ml in normals; P less than 0.05). No glucagon or C-peptide response to arginine was seen in any pancreatectomized subject. Similar but excessive glucagon levels were present in hemochromatosis, diabetes, and cirrhosis under basal conditions (166 +/- 24, 232 +/- 111, and 263 +/- 116 vs. 76 +/- 15 pg/ml; P less than 0.05) and after arginine stimulation (782 +/- 80, 834 +/- 123, and 902 +/- 275 vs. 489 +/- 81 pg/ml; P less than 0.05) when compared with normals. The excessive glucagon levels found in hemochromatosis, diabetes mellitus, and cirrhosis contrast to the absent response in pancreatectomized subjects and indicate that generalized islet cell destruction is not the major factor in diabetic hemochromatotic subjects.
 ...
PMID:Pancreatic alpha-cell function in diabetic hemochromatotic subjects. 38 22

118 sterile men and 12 normal control patients, aged 20-38, were tested to determine the effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) on the gonadotropin levels and thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) on the prolactin level. The 118 sterile men were classified as suffering either from moderate oligospermia or excretory zoospermia (Group 1) or severe secretory oligo- or azoospermia due to blockage of spermatogenesis (Group 2).. Group 1 was divided into 38 eugonadotropes, 21 hypogonadotropes, and 13 hypergonadotropes; Group 2 consisted of 19 cases of blockage at the sperm acyte 2 or spermatide levels (Group 1a), 11 cases of blockage at the sperm ozonia or spermacyte 1 levels (Group 2a), and 10 cases of bilateral chrypt-orchidy of isolated Sertoli cells (Group 3a). 4 cases of Klinefelter's syndrome and 2 cases of testicular feminization wereaalso studied. Basal values of LH were significantly higher in Group 3a. After administration of 50 mcg of LH-RH iv, the LH values peaked after 20-30 minutes, except for Group 3a and the men with Klinefelter's syndrome and testicular feminization. The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) basal values were significantly higher in Group 2. Maximum FSH values occurred 30-45 minutes after the LH-RH injection; the response took longer for hypogonadotropes and was very irregular in Group 3a and those with Klinefelter's syndrome. Prolactin levels of the patientswwere taken before and after administration of 200 mg of TRH iv. About 40% of the sterile men exhibited elevated prolactin levels before or after the injection. Testicular biopsies, semen analyses, and other parameters were measured. Of the cases where gonadotropin levels remained normal afte LH-RH administration, a pathological reason for sterility could be found for only 213 of the sterile men. Of the patients with low basal gonadotropin levels or weak response to LH-RH, 1/2 had diabetes or hemochromatosis. Of the patients who had strong LH responses and normal FSH responses to LH-RH administration, 1/2 had elevated prolactemia. A correlation between prolactin secretion and androgen secretion and a negative correlation between prolactinemia and the number of sperm/ml were found.
 ...
PMID:[Investigation of the gonadotrophins and prolactin in sterile men (the LH-RH + TRH test) (author's transl)]. 41 78

Rare cases of hemochromatosis have been reported in patients who underwent prolonged oral iron therapy for hemolytic anemia or prolonged self-treatment with iron pills. A proportionately large segment of the South African Bantu tribe, who ingest large quantities of an alcoholic beverage brewed in iron pots, are found to have the disease. Reports of health fadists developing hemochromatosis due to excessive dietary iron intake, however, are extremely rare. This report presents clinical considerations and pathologic findings in a compulsive health fadist who consumed large numbers of vitamins containing iron. Clinical findings included the development and progression of cirrhosis of the liver, bronzing of the skin, and diabetes mellitus, all consistent with a diagnosis of hemochromatosis. Light microscopy of liver biopsies taken late in the course of the disease revealed a massive buildup of iron in the hepatocytes, less in the Kupffer cells, and sparse deposition in the epithelial cells of the bile duct. Minimal periportal fibrosis was noted. Electron microscopy showed numerous pleomorphic siderosomes with varying degrees of crystallization and ferritin attached at uniform intervals to the membranes of residual bodies. Abundant free ferritin was observed in most cells. The aggregated and membrane-associated ferritin was verified by non-dispersive x-ray analysis. An additional finding, noted only by electron microscopy, was the presence of many fat-storing cells of Ito, which are thought to be involved in the onset of fibrosis.
 ...
PMID:Hemochromatosis caused by excessive vitamin iron intake. 47 11

In patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis, retinopathy was investigated by ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography and was present in eight out of 23; this prevalence is similar to that reported in patients with diabetes aged between 30 and 60 years at onset of diabetes and with the same duration of the disease; in these eight patients retinopathy was of mild degree, with no impairment of visual acuity, fewer than 10 microaneurysms in each fundus, and no other retinal abnormatic islets directly. These studies confirm that anticholinergic drugs may be useful adjuvants in treating these patients.
Diabetes 1977 Feb
PMID:Retinopathy and plasma growth hormone levels in idiopathic hemochromatosis with diabetes. 83 64

Diabetes in idiopathic hemochromatosis has been considered to be secondary to islet cell damage resulting from the iron deposits. Plasma glucagon was measured by immunoassay using the pancreas specific 30-K antiserum, and was found to be normal or slightly elevated during arginine-infusion tests in patients exhibiting both hemochromatosis and pathological glucose tolerance. This suggests that diabetes in hemochromatosis is not due to a lesion resulting from the iron deposits. The two affections appear to be merely associated and are possibly genetically linked.
 ...
PMID:[Study of glucagon secretion in patients with hemochromatosis]. 92 50

Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is characterized by pain on use. X-rays show cartilage narrowing and osteophytes. Synovial effusions are non-inflammatory, i.e. clear wiht good viscosity and less than 2000 WBC per mm. 3 Cartilage fragments may be seen in the joint fluid. Important systemic diseases that can cause degenerative joint disease include ochronosis, hemochromatosis, hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, diabetes and syphilis with their neuropathic joints, Wilson's disease and hypothyroidism. The late results of other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and aseptic necrosis may resemble DJD.
 ...
PMID:Laboratory diagnosis of degenerative joint disease. 116 90

In a retrospective analysis we assessed the data of 46 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), who had received more than 50 blood transfusions during the course of disease. The number of units given ranged from 50 to 155 (mean 79). 20 patients (RA n = 4, RARS n = 12, RAEB n = 1, RAEB/T n = 2, CMML n = 1), followed up between 8 and 108 months (mean survival time 39.4 months), developed a secondary hemochromatosis. More than 40% of the patients showed signs of heart failure, in some cases accompanied by cardiac arrhythmias. 11 patients also suffered from hepatopathy and 5 developed diabetes mellitus. Secondary hemochromatosis was particularly common in patients with RARS. Refractory congestive heart failure secondary to hemochromatosis was the cause of death in 14 patients, whereas none died from hepatic insufficiency. We conclude that the risk of secondary hemochromatosis should not be neglected in polytransfused patients with MDS. In some cases, particularly those with favorable prognostic features of MDS, it may shorten life expectancy. The availability of a new oral iron chelator (1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one or L1) offers a promising and practicable approach to prevent this complication.
 ...
PMID:[Secondary hemochromatosis in polytransfused patients with myelodysplastic syndromes]. 128 62

The 1991 literature on septic arthritis included a concise review of adult septic arthritis, examples of pseudoseptic arthritis, and two interesting animal studies. One animal study examined the induction of acute synovitis by the intra-articular injection of bacterial endotoxin and the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 beta; and the other studied the effects of early and delayed synovectomy in the management of septic arthritis. The predispositions to septic arthritis can be divided into local joint abnormalities, systemic factors, or both. Examples of the local joint abnormalities include osteoarthritis of the hip and apatite-associated arthropathy. Septic arthritis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, in a patient with diabetes mellitus and hip arthropathy associated with hemochromatosis, or in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and hemophilic arthropathy are examples of how systemic predisposition is coupled with local joint pathology to increase the vulnerability of the host to joint infection. Other examples of systemic disease that predispose to septic arthritis are systemic lupus erythematosus, hypogammaglobulinemia, and human immunodeficiency virus infection, as well as intravenous drug abuse. Unusual microorganisms causing septic arthritis in the adult include Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Moraxella catarrhalis, meningococci, and diphtheroids. Uncommon pathogenesis is represented by a case of intra-articular inoculation of Mycobacterium gastri into the small joint of the hand and a case of mixed bacterial infection of the hip resulting from an extension of a contiguous pelvic infection associated with trauma. Two cases of immune complex glomerulonephritis illustrate the extra-articular complications of septic arthritis: one due to group G streptococcus and the other due to pneumococcus. Finally, septic bursitis is reviewed from the community practice perspective.
 ...
PMID:Bacterial arthritis. 150 74


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>