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The purpose of this retrospective, multivariate analysis is to examine how medical conditions and demographic characteristics affect the costs of treating individuals diagnosed with anxiety. Data from MarketScan Databases [The MEDSTAT Group, 2000] were used to identify individuals with new episodes of anxiety. Multivariate analysis was used, with the dependent variable being the log of total medical costs. This analysis controlled for demographic characteristics, medical comorbidities, anxiety diagnosis, and prior resource utilization. A smearing estimate is used to calculate the total medical costs for patients with any anxiety disorder. The mean estimated total medical cost for individuals diagnosed with any anxiety disorder was $6,475. The multivariate model indicates that controlling for demographics and other disease states, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with a $2,138, $1,603, and $3,940 increase, respectively, in the total medical cost (P < .0001). The incremental impact of depression, other anxiety disorders, and prior mental health diagnoses on the total medical costs were $1,945, $1,900, and $1,515, respectively (P < .0001). Individuals with the highest costs, and therefore the greatest need for intervention, are anxious patients with depression, individuals diagnosed with PTSD or GAD, and individuals diagnosed with both anxiety and a comorbid medical condition such as an acute myocardial infarction or diabetes.
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PMID:The cost of treating anxiety: the medical and demographic correlates that impact total medical costs. 1607 54

The psychological adjustments of "normal" pregnancy are complex, and those of high-risk pregnancy are even more pronounced and severe. A pregnancy may be determined to be at high risk because of obstetric factors in previous pregnancies or the present one; more general medical factors, such as preexisting or emergent disease (often, diabetes); and conditions that are, themselves, psychosocial: anxiety disorders (GAD, OCD, panic disorder, PTSD), mood disorders, and schizophrenia, all of which are a background for a disturbed pregnancy and might complicate a pregnancy denominated high risk for some other reason. This paper discusses these concepts and, in addition, includes sections on pregnancy in adolescence, in the developmentally disabled, and in the situation of chemical dependence (substance abuse).
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PMID:Psychological implications of high-risk pregnancy. 1640 3

Comorbidity is the rule with anxiety and depressive disorders. Anxiety and major depressive disorder are often comorbid with each other; these disorders are commonly associated with other psychiatric disorders; and they are frequently found coexisting with long-standing chronic medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. The comorbidity of major depressive and anxiety disorders is associated with barriers to treatment and worse psychiatric outcomes, including treatment resistance, increased risk for suicide, greater chance for recurrence, and greater utilization of medical resources. Effective recognition and treatment of anxiety and depression may be associated with functional improvement in the medical disorders (eg, lower HbA1c level in patients with diabetes). Paying careful attention to the development of anxiety and depression may also positively impact the economic burden of these disorders. To help primary care physicians better understand the comorbidity of depression and anxiety and medical disorders, the authors describe three case scenarios.
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PMID:Understanding comorbidity with depression and anxiety disorders. 1673 13

Considerable evidence exists for the place of mind body medicine in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Excessive anxiety is maladaptive. It is often considered to be the major component of unhealthy lifestyle that contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of not only psychiatric but also many other systemic disorders. Among the approaches to reduce the level of anxiety has been the search for healthy lifestyles. The aim of the study was to study the short-term impact of a comprehensive but brief lifestyle intervention, based on yoga, on anxiety levels in normal and diseased subjects. The study was the result of operational research carried out in the Integral Health Clinic (IHC) at the Department of Physiology of All India Institute of Medical Sciences. The subjects had history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, 'stress'), gastrointestinal problems (non ulcer dyspepsia, duodenal ulcers, irritable bowel disease, Crohn's disease, chronic constipation) and thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism). The intervention consisted of asanas, pranayama, relaxation techniques, group support, individualized advice, and lectures and films on philosophy of yoga, the place of yoga in daily life, meditation, stress management, nutrition, and knowledge about the illness. The outcome measures were anxiety scores, taken on the first and last day of the course. Anxiety scores, both state and trait anxiety were significantly reduced. Among the diseased subjects significant improvement was seen in the anxiety levels of patients of hypertension, coronary artery disease, obesity, cervical spondylitis and those with psychiatric disorders. The observations suggest that a short educational programme for lifestyle modification and stress management leads to remarkable reduction in the anxiety scores within a period of 10 days.
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PMID:Effect of yoga based lifestyle intervention on state and trait anxiety. 1685 Sep 2

The objective of the present study was to establish the frequency of psychiatric comorbidity in a sample of diabetic patients with symmetric distal polyneuropathy (SDPN). Sixty-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected consecutively to participate in the study at Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia. All patients were submitted to a complete clinical and psychiatric evaluation, including the Portuguese version of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Neuropathy Symptom Score, and Neuropathy Disability Score. SDPN was identified in 22 subjects (33.8%). Patients with and without SDPN did not differ significantly regarding sociodemographic characteristics. However, a trend toward a worse glycemic control was found in patients with SDPN in comparison to patients without SDPN (HbA1c = 8.43 +/- 1.97 vs 7.48 +/- 1.95; P = 0.08). Patients with SDPN exhibited axis I psychiatric disorders significantly more often than those without SDPN (especially anxiety disorders, in general (81.8 vs 60.0%; P = 0.01), and major depression--current episode, in particular (18.2 vs 7.7%; P = 0.04)). The severity of the depressive symptoms correlated positively with the severity of SDPN symptoms (r = 0.38; P = 0.006), but not with the severity of SDPN signs (r = 0.07; P = 0.56). In conclusion, the presence of SDPN seems to be associated with a trend toward glycemic control. The diagnosis of SDPN in diabetic subjects seems also to be associated with relevant psychiatric comorbidity, including anxiety and current mood disorders.
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PMID:Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and symmetric distal polyneuropathy among type II diabetic outpatients. 1727 65

A growing body of evidence suggests that depressive disorders and anxiety disorders are much more prevalent among medically ill children and adolescents when compared with the general population, and that the presence of comorbidity may adversely affect medical outcomes and quality of life. Whereas the prevalence and impact of anxiety and depressive disorders have been described in chronic conditions such as asthma, diabetes, and epilepsy, much less is known about sickle cell disease (SCD), a disorder that affects more than 70,000 Americans, primarily those of African and Mediterranean descent. A hallmark of this disorder is recurrent, acute, and chronic pain that often requires emergency management and hospitalization. Medical advances in the treatment of this illness have transformed SCD from a condition associated with very early morbidity and mortality into a chronic condition of adulthood. This article reviews the evidence describing our knowledge of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with SCD, its clinical impact, and effectiveness of interventions.
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PMID:Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. 1738 20

Depression is common in primary care settings, affecting at least 10% of primary care patients. It carries medical and psychiatric comorbidity, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, medically unexplained (functional) symptoms, chronic pain, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse. Diagnosis and treatment are straightforward for many patients. The greatest current challenge is to recognize and relieve symptoms of treatment-resistant depression. This article reviews current approaches to diagnosing and treating depression, especially treatment-resistant forms of depression.
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PMID:Depression in primary care. 1768 11

Numerous studies have demonstrated that low birth weight (LBW) is associated with the development of medical conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, and psychiatric disorders, such as depression. One possible mechanism through which LBW might increase risk for both medical and psychiatric disorders is by altering the biologic systems (such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] axis function) that govern emotion regulation and physical reactivity. In this study, we conducted secondary data analyses in a longitudinal study originally designed to understand the intergenerational transmission of major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined the risk for both medical and psychiatric illnesses known to be influenced by HPA axis dysregulation in the context of parental depression. The study had 2 primary objectives: (1) to examine whether LBW increases the risk of selected adult illness that may be influenced by the HPA axis and (2) to examine whether the increased risk of illness varies by parental depression status. We conducted longitudinal assessments of 244 offspring of depressed and nondepressed parents for more than 20 years. Psychopathology and medical illness were assessed by direct interview conducted by clinicians blind to risk status and previous diagnosis. We examined the effect of BW in 3 categories: less than 2.5 kg (LBW), 2.5-3.5 kg, and more than 3.5 kg (reference group). Offspring with LBW had a significantly increased risk of MDD, anxiety disorders, phobia, suicidal ideation, impaired functioning, allergies, and hypertension compared to those with BW exceeding 3.5 kg. The association between LBW and depression was stronger among children of depressed parents than among children of nondepressed parents, with an interaction term (BW and parental depression status) significant for MDD (P = .05), suggesting that parental depression may augment the impact of LBW on offspring depression:
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PMID:Low birth weight and risk of affective disorders and selected medical illness in offspring at high and low risk for depression. 1770 57

This article reviews new developments in rating scales for anxiety/anxiety disorders. Several new rating instruments have been developed. These instruments could be useful in various areas, such as research of anxiety disorders or in assessment of anxiety in patients with various somatic diseases (dyspnea, pain, chronic illnesses such as diabetes or cancer). Some of the existing instruments have been modified, shortened, or translated into other languages. Finally, psychometric properties of various rating scales for anxiety/anxiety disorders continue to be examined in various conditions and populations. In spite of all the development, there is no established standard in the area of measuring anxiety. However, a number of rating scales have become validated for measurement of severity of anxiety disorders.
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PMID:Rating scales for anxiety/anxiety disorders. 1788 Aug 57

The relationship between mental disorders and chronic physical conditions is well established, but the possibility of ethnic group differences in mental-physical associations has seldom been investigated. This study investigated ethnic differences in associations between four physical conditions (chronic pain, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory disease) and 12-month mood and anxiety disorders. A nationally representative face-to-face household survey was carried out in New Zealand from 2003 to 2004 with 12,992 participants aged 16 and older, achieving a response rate of 73.3%. The current study is of the subsample of 7,435 participants who were assessed for chronic physical conditions (via a standard checklist), and compares Maori, Pacific and Other New Zealanders. DSM-IV mental disorders were measured with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). The ethnic groups differed significantly in prevalences of both physical and mental disorders, but almost no ethnic differences in mental-physical associations were found. Independent of ethnicity, associations were observed between chronic pain and mood and anxiety disorders, cardiovascular disease and anxiety disorders, respiratory disease and mood and anxiety disorders. Despite differences in mental and physical health status between ethnic groups in New Zealand, mental-physical disorder associations occur with considerable consistency across the groups. These results suggest that whatever factors are conducive to the development of a mental disorder from a physical disorder (or vice versa), they are either unaffected by the cultural differences manifest in these ethnic groups, or, any cultural factors operating serve to both increase and decrease comorbidity such that they cancel each other out.
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PMID:Mental-physical comorbidity in an ethnically diverse population. 1815 19


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