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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dimethylglycine (DMG), a tertiary amino acid, has had wide acceptance as a nonfuel nutrient; presumably it enhances oxygen utilization by tissue and complexes free radicals. Its potential as an immunoadjuvant has also been suggested by a study of an analog of DMG, calcium pangamate. A double-blind study in 20 human volunteers showed a fourfold increase in antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine in those receiving DMG orally as compared with controls (P less than 0.01). Production of leukocyte inhibitory factor in response to concanavalin A was similar in the two groups, but those taking DMG tablets had a significantly highr mean response of leukocyte inhibition factor to streptokinase-streptodornase (P less than 0.001). The in vitro responses of lymphocytes from patients with diabetes and those with sickle cell disease to phytohemagglutinin, convanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen were increased almost threefold after addition of DMA. These results suggest that DMG enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in humans.
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PMID:Immunomodulating properties of dimethylglycine in humans. 616 29

Retinal neovascularization is a serious complication of the retinopathy associated with diabetes, branch vein occlusion, sickle cell anemia, and retrolental fibroplasia. Retinal capillary nonperfusion, demonstrated on fluorescein angiography, precedes the development of neovascularization in each of these conditions. Our working hypothesis is that the nonperfused (ischemic or hypoxic) retina liberates a vasoproliferative or angiogenic substance. Although I have delineated the clinical and experimental observations relating to the hypothesis of an ischemic-mediated angiogenesis substance, other postulated mechanisms for the development of retinal neovascularization may be involved. Recent observations on the experimental model of retrolental fibroplasia have demonstrated the markedly abnormal persistence and apparent proliferation of the hyaloid vessels in mice following oxygen-induced retinal vascular closure.
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PMID:Clinical and experimental studies on retinal neovascularization. XXXIX Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. 618 97

The adhesion of blood cells to endothelium can be studied in vitro using human endothelial cells in culture. This experimental model and radiometric techniques provide us with a simple system to quantify the adhesion of blood cells to endothelium. Normal human granulocytes isolated by density gradient adhere to normal endothelial cells in a proportion of 25%. Human promyelocytic cells (HL 60) induced by retinoic acid into mature cells adhere as well as normal granulocytes while the noninduced adhere poorly to endothelium. A small percentage of normal red cells attach to endothelial cells while red cells from patients with sickle cell anemia or diabetes mellitus have a significantly increased adhesion to endothelial cells (P greater than 0.001). This adhesion is statistically correlated with the extent and severity of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus (P less than 0.05). The addition of fibrinogen significantly increased (P less than 0.01) the adhesion of normal red cells, red cells from patients with sickle cell anemia or diabetes mellitus while gamma-globulins did not modify adhesion. Fibronectin potentiated the adhesion of normal red cells.
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PMID:Factors involved in cell adhesion to vascular endothelium. 619 16

Many of the features of zinc deficiency and of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency are similar in both animals and humans. The two agents interact in various ways. EFAs are important in zinc absorption, probably after conversion to prostaglandins (PGs). Zinc seems necessary for at least two stages in EFA metabolism, the conversion of linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid, and the mobilisation of dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA) for the synthesis of 1 series PGs. Zinc may also be important in the conversion of DGLA to arachidonic acid and in arachidonic acid mobilisation for 2 series PG formation. These interactions shed considerable light on a number of clinical syndromes, including acrodermatitis enteropathica, total parenteral nutrition, diabetes mellitus, the glucagonoma syndrome and sickle cell anaemia. There is substantial evidence to suggest that anorexia nervosa is due to a combined deficiency of zinc and EFAs. Understanding of the roles of zinc and EFAs in these various clinical situations is likely to lead to improved therapy.
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PMID:Interactions between zinc, essential fatty acids and prostaglandins: relevance to acrodermatitis enteropathica, total parenteral nutrition, the glucagonoma syndrome, diabetes, anorexia nervosa and sickle cell anaemia. 625 72

Blood has a number of rheological properties which partially determine flow, especially at capillary level, and its capacity to deliver oxygen. It is non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic, thixotropic and viscoelastic. Viscosity can be studied with different types of viscosimeters (coaxial cylinder or capillary viscosimeters). It can be defined by the ratio of stress of deformation to rate of deformation. Viscosity depends on macrorheological parameters: hematocrit, serum proteins, especially fibrinogen and globulins, and also on microrheological parameters: degree of aggregation and red blood cell deformability. Viscosity rises when the temperature falls and decreases with the radius of the tube through which the blood flows (Fahraeus-Linqvist effects). Blood viscosity is studied clinically at different temperatures, and, above all, at different rates of deformation by carefully recording the hematocrit. Plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, albumia and immunoglobulin levels, the viscosity of blood cell suspensions in normal saline must also be taken into consideration. Special investigations (rheoscopy, filtrability) provide information about red cell aggregation and deformability. Hyperviscosity syndromes are observed with: --raised hematocrit (polycythemia and pseudopolycythemia), --conditions with raised serum proteins or changes in their composition (especially hyperfibrinogenemia, raised immunoglobulins, low albumin levels); inflammatory syndromes, dysglobulinemias (Fahey's syndrome of plasma hyperviscosity), --low temperature (hypothermia), --increased red cell aggregability (shock, fat embolism), --reduced red cell deformability due to various congenital and acquired conditions (sickle cell anemia, renal failure, hyperlipoproteinemia, thrombosis, diabetes). Conversely, hypoviscosity may occur with a low hematocrit, hypoproteinemia, hypofibrinogenemia, and hyperthermia. Increased viscosity results in a slowing of blood flow, stagnation of its constituents and in ischemia. Therapeutic interventions may be considered on the different components of the hyperviscosity syndrome: hemodilation, plasmapheresis, dispersion of aggregants, agents acting on red cell deformability.
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PMID:[Blood hyperviscosity syndromes. Classification and physiopathological understanding. Therapeutic deductions]. 636 7

The determination of glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) has been found useful in the medium term assessment of diabetic control. Levels of GHb have been shown to be influenced by hematological abnormalities and methodology amongst other factors. Hemoglobinopathies are common in Nigerians and other people of African descent. No work, to our knowledge, has been done in Nigeria to study the effect of hemoglobinopathies on the levels of GHb in Nigerians or Africans. In this study, GHb levels in non-diabetic Nigerians (with hemoglobin genotypes AA, AS, and SS) were determined by short column chromatography and thiobarbituric acid colorimetry. Levels of GHb obtained by the microchromatographic method were significantly different from one another in the three subject groups. The group mean GHb level was highest in subjects with sickle cell anaemia and lowest in subjects with sickle cell trait. However, using the colorimetric method, the mean GHb level of the normal subjects with hemoglobin genotype AA was not significantly different from that of subjects with hemoglobin genotype AS or SS. Results of GHb determinations by microchromatography (for which several commercial kits are available) in subjects with sickle cell anemia or trait must be interpreted with caution. The colorimetric method, though more tedious, gives more reliable results and should be the method of choice in subjects with concurrent diabetes and sickle cell anemia or trait.
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PMID:Influence of methodology on glycosylated hemoglobin values in Nigerian subjects with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. 646 29

Glycosylated hemoglobin in red blood cell hemolysates of five patients homozygous for CC, 18 patients with SC condition, and 13 patients heterozygous for Hb C with or without insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were separated by Bio-Rex 70 chromatography. The various glycosylated components were identified by analysis of the hemoglobin components for ketoamine and phosphate, in vitro glycosylation studies, and by the quantitative differences in the minor components between the participants with and without diabetes. The percentages of Hb A1a + b, Hb A1c, and Hb C1c were significantly increased in the Hb C heterozygote with diabetes. Similarly, the percentages of Hb S1a + b and Hb S1c were elevated in the SC patient with diabetes. It was noteworthy that the levels of these components became normal after adequate control of diabetes. Moreover, the levels of Hb C1c in the CC participants and Hb S1c (Hb S1c/total Hb S) in the SC patients were significantly higher than the Hb S1c levels previously reported in patients with sickle cell anemia. These findings might reflect the fact that CC and SC patients have less severe hemolytic anemia. Moreover, the relative proportions of Hb A1c and Hb C1c were nearly the same in Hb C heterozygotes, which indicated that Hb A and Hb C were glycosylated in vivo to approximately the same extent.
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PMID:Glycosylated hemoglobins in heterozygotes and homozygotes for hemoglobin C with or without diabetes. 648 Dec 20

Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) was determined by a microcolumn technique using Biorex 70 resin in normal Nigerians and in patients with diabetes, iron deficiency anaemia, sickle cell disease and renal failure. Mean %HbA1 was 10.0 +/- 1.9% in controls which is higher than levels reported in Caucasians. HbAS but not HbSS had a reducing effect on the %HbA1 which was also found elevated in iron deficiency anaemia and diabetes mellitus. Factors peculiar to tropical medical practice affecting glycosylated haemoglobin must be appreciated and further investigated to assess the usefulness of HbA1 determination in the long term control of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) for diabetic control in Africans; preliminary findings with the microcolumn technique. 667 Jan 18

Many diseases in children are associated with thrombotic tendencies either as a complication or as part of the pathophysiologic process. Disorders in which platelet consumption and/or activation occur include myeloproliferative syndromes, sickle cell disease, cardiac prostheses, arteriovenous shunts, vasculitis, diabetes mellitus, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome and other renal diseases. Platelet involvement can be demonstrated by several indicators, including an increase in platelet release product levels in the plasma (beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4, and thromboxane B2). The agents that have the greatest success in thrombotic disorders where platelet involvement is prominent include the prostaglandin pathway cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors aspirin and sulfinpyrazone, as well as dipyridamole. Although indications and dosages for the use of antiplatelet agents in children can be suggested, the treatment of each patient should be individualized in light of current knowledge.
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PMID:Use of antiplatelet agents in pediatric hypercoagulable states. 670 78

Red blood cell (RBC) and polymorphonuclear white blood cell (WBC) calmodulin levels were measured in 25 uremic patients on regular hemodialysis. Uremic patients had significantly higher RBC [11.45 +/- 0.66 (+/-SE) fg/cell] and WBC (590.5 +/- 110 fg/cell) calmodulin levels than normal subjects (8.62 +/- 0.37 and 130 +/- 30 fg/cell; P less than 0.05). An extremely high RBC calmodulin level (20.58 fg/cell) was found in a patient with sickle cell anemia. Uremic patients on dialysis for 2 yr or more had lower RBC (10.99 +/- 0.58 fg/cell) and WBC (390 +/- 50 fg/cell) calmodulin levels than those who were on dialysis for less than 2 yr (RBC, 12.30 +/- 1.56 fg/cell; WBC, 943 +/- 256 fg/cell; P less than 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in calmodulin levels when different subgroups of uremic patients were compared, e.g. patients with diabetes mellitus or those receiving supplemental vitamin D, anabolic steroids, or antihypertensive medications. We conclude that calmodulin levels are elevated in uremic patients on regular hemodialysis.
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PMID:The effects of chronic renal failure and hemodialysis on human red and white cell calmodulin levels. 672 5


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