Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ticlopidine is an inhibitor of platelet action that has been used in the treatment of a variety of disease states in which platelets play a prominent role. Studies in animals and man have demonstrated that ticlopidine is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and variably inhibits aggregation due to collagen, adrenaline (epinephrine), arachidonic acid, thrombin, and platelet activating factor. Inhibition of platelet aggregation is both dose- and time-related, with its onset of activity being 24 to 48 hours, its maximal activity occurring after 3 to 5 days, and its activity still being present 72 hours after a final dose. Ticlopidine also inhibits the release reaction of platelets, prolongs bleeding time, reduces plasma levels of platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin in patients in whom these proteins are elevated, and may also inhibit platelet adhesion, increase red cell filtrability and decrease whole blood viscosity. In a large number of animal models, ticlopidine markedly inhibits thrombus formation or graft occlusion. Ticlopidine is well absorbed after oral administration. It is extensively metabolised and at least one of its metabolites is pharmacologically active. Therapeutic trials in patients with chronic arterial occlusion due to thrombangitis obliterans or arteriosclerosis obliterans, post-myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular thromboembolic disease, subarachnoid haemorrhage, vascular shunts or fistulas for haemodialysis, and sickle cell disease have shown promise for the use of ticlopidine. However, trials of patients with intermittent claudication, angina pectoris, diabetes mellitus with microvascular disease, aortocoronary bypass grafts, and vascular prostheses have had conflicting results or have shown an unfavourable side effect profile. Further studies are clearly required to establish the role of ticlopidine in many of these areas, some of which are already in progress. Overall, side effects occur in 10 to 15% of patients receiving ticlopidine. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal disturbances and skin rashes. Neither of these necessarily require discontinuation of therapy in most patients. Agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and cholestatic jaundice have also been reported. Bleeding is infrequent except possibly in patients receiving ticlopidine prior to some surgical procedures.
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PMID:Ticlopidine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in platelet-dependent disease states. 330 67

ROP is a challenging disease of the decade of the 1980s. Answers, even partial answers, to many of its questions may provide information bearing on those same questions in other blinding vascular retinopathies, such as diabetes and sickle cell disease. Answers more clearly defining the role of oxygen, ventilation, antioxidants, blood transfusions, and a host of diseases of the premature infant will lead to better care of that infant. I have tried in this article to present the boundaries of the problem, a theory of its genesis and progression, and a review of the major issues to be confronted by the pediatric, ophthalmologic, and basic science communities through its recurrence today. I have tried to make it clear to the reader when I was so doing. I have used information liberally from studies both under way and in the planning stages to make the reader aware of what is being done, even if these have not yet reached fruition, for the field is a rapidly growing one. Finally, I have tried to point out directions that I believe clinical and experimental work should take on certain critical issues.
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PMID:Retinopathy of prematurity. 331 43

Osteomyelitis is becoming a more common infection. This increase has been associated with an increase in the number of orthopaedic surgical procedures and with severe bone trauma. The etiology of osteomyelitis is also changing, with more gram-negative and more polymicrobial infections due to both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. Underlying diseases such as diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular and sickle cell disease are associated with a poor cure rate when treated with antibiotics. The emergence of resistant strains of bacteria during the long-term treatment necessary for osteomyelitis has been documented, and continues to be a concern, as are the other side effects.
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PMID:Overview of osteomyelitis. 333 35

During the dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) epidemic in Cuba in 1981, we identified some individual risk factors for the development of the severe clinical picture or for the fatal outcome of the disease. The percentage of secondary infection in 3 groups of patients with DHF/DSS was between 95 and 98.3 and it is concluded that secondary infection is an important, but not the only, condition for the development of DHF/DSS. An analysis of these 3 groups of patients and a fourth group of fatal cases showed that chronic diseases such as bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus and sickle cell anaemia were additional risk factors contributing significantly to the development of DHF/DSS. The study also revealed that race was an individual risk factor, since DHF/DSS was more prevalent in white than in black persons.
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PMID:Why dengue haemorrhagic fever in Cuba? 1. Individual risk factors for dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). 345 4

Two pregnant women were treated for both insulin-dependent diabetes and sickle cell disease. Careful application of treatments developed for each of these conditions allowed both pregnancies to be successfully carried to term.
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PMID:Pregnancy associated with both insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and sickle cell disease. A report of two cases. 358 80

Erythrocyte adhesion to endothelium was measured using human endothelial cells in culture and a radiometric technique. Erythrocyte adhesion was found to be significantly increased in diabetes mellitus and sickle cell anemia. In both diseases the extent of adhesion was correlated with the clinical severity of the disease. Using 3H Leucine radio-labelled reticulocytes or red cells separated by density gradient according to their age it was possible to further investigate the red cell abnormality responsible for increased adhesion. A population of abnormal reticulocytes in sickle cell anemia exhibited a higher adhesion than the whole red cell population. Diabetic dense red cells (old red cells) appeared to be mostly responsible for the increase in erythrocyte adhesion to endothelium observed in diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[Adhesion of diabetic or sickle cell erythrocyte populations to human endothelium in culture]. 361 46

An ektacytometric extension for the Contraves LS-30 viscosimeter is described, as well as the procedure to measure erythrocyte deformability and rouleau formation with this combination. The method error (coefficient of variation) for the measurements of the erythrocyte elongation index appeared to be less than 1%, while both intra- and interindividual variation were around 2%. Preliminary clinical experiments performed on blood from different patient groups (i.e., diabetes, uraemia, sickle cell anaemia) clearly demonstrated more rigid erythrocytes than normal. It can be concluded that it is possible now to analyse with 1 instrument: plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity at shear rates from 0.01 to 236 s-1, erythrocyte deformability and rouleau formation.
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PMID:Laser diffraction ellipsometry of erythrocytes under controlled shear stress using a rotational viscosimeter. 365 48

Phenylephrine preparations are widely used in medicine for their vasoconstrictive and mydriatic effects. The effect of phenylephrine, a powerful alpha-receptor stimulant, on anterior chamber oxygen tension (Po2) was studied using a polarographic electrode inserted into the mid anterior chamber of cats. A commercial 10% solution was applied topically. A decrease in anterior chamber Po2 was usually observed in 8-24 minutes and declined steadily thereafter. Prior to treatment, the mean anterior chamber Po2 was 26 +/- 3 torr; 1/2 hour after treatment it decreased to 20 +/- 7 torr. After 1 hour it dropped to 13 +/- 8 torr and was further reduced to 11 +/- 6 torr by 2 hours. By 90 minutes, the drug had caused a 58% reduction in anterior chamber oxygen tension. This drop is similar to that reported for epinephrine. It is suggested that the mechanism for most of this decrease is reduced blood flow, mediated by the direct vasoconstrictive effect of the drug in addition to compression of the iris vasculature induced by dilation. The resulting change (reduction) in caliber of the iris arteries produces a parallel change (reduction) in blood volume and flow resulting in a diminished Po2. The clinical implications of this conclusion in disorders where hypoxia is felt to play a causal role such as neovascular glaucoma, diabetes, pregnancy and hyphema in sickle cell disease are explored.
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PMID:Ocular oxygenation: the effect of phenylephrine on anterior chamber oxygen tension. 379 11

Doppler blood velocity waveforms were analyzed from the umbilical artery as an indication of fetal well-being. Since the ratio of systolic to diastolic peak flows (A/B) reflects placental vascular resistance, an abnormality of this value may accurately predict compromised fetuses. Twenty-one studies were performed on 13 patients, using a new duplex system for real-time imaging and range-gated pulsed Doppler analysis, and compared to normal standards. Thirteen studies done in nine uneventful pregnancies were consistently normal. However, abnormal studies were found in the four patients reported as case histories, including women with sickle cell anemia, systemic lupus, diabetes, and growth retardation. The A/B ratio was felt to have predicted potential fetal compromise, including the two fetal deaths. Therefore, with certain cautions, we feel that this rapid, non-invasive technique is useful as a serially applicable reflector of the status of fetoplacental circulation.
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PMID:Doppler blood velocity waveforms in the umbilical artery as an indicator of fetal well-being. 392 Feb 77

Modern contraceptive methods are discussed, with special emphasis on oral contraceptives, which are regarded as the most effective. They are also regarded as generally safe, although there are contraindications and the drugs should only be prescribed after careful examination. The need for selecting the drug most suitable for the individual patients, mainly on the basis of the characteristics of the menstrual cycle (suggesting a predominance of estrogen or progestin, within safety limits, such as 50 mcg of estrogen), is emphasized. The examinations required include a general clinical, gynecological, and breast examination, cytology tests, evaluation of the menstrual flow pattern, measurements of arterial pressure, weight, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and urine tests. They should be repeated at 6-month intervals, or 3-month intervals in the case of high-risk patients (varicose veins, obesity, heavy smokers, high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, history of jaundice, slight heart condition, clinical or potential diabetes, porphyria or predisposition to uterine myoma). Oral contraceptives are contraindicated in cases presenting a history of thromboembolism, phlebitis, cerebral apoplexy; sickle cell anemia, which indicates a predisposition to thromboembolic accidents; serious liver disease or recent hepatitis; serious heart disease; hormone-dependent neoplasia (breast cancer); predisposition to uterine cancer; erythematous lupus; metorrhagia of unknown origin; psychic disorders, especially of a depressive type. They should also be avoided for 3-4 years after puberty, in order to avoid interfering with the development of the hypothalamus and with growth. A carcinogenic effect of the pill and an increase in the risk of giving birth to abnormal children can be ruled out, although the incidence of abortions due to chromosome anomalies after suspending treatment is rather high (due to the previous inhibition of ovulation, a situation similar to repeated pregnancies at short intervals, which involve the same risk).
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PMID:[Current clinical problems of contraception]. 502 53


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