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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To compare steady-state glutamine turnover using nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen tracers and to test the validity of monocompartmental equations to determine plasma glutamine turnover under non-steady-state conditions, we infused 10 normal postabsorptive volunteers simultaneously with [3,4-3H]glutamine, [2-15N]glutamine, and [U-14C]glutamine for 4 h to isotopic steady state. Eight of the ten subjects were subsequently infused in a stepwise fashion with exogenous glutamine. Plasma glutamine enrichment and specific activities fit a monoexponential model well (r = 0.89, 0.92, and 0.92 for [2-15N]-, [U-14C]-, and [3,4-3H]glutamine, respectively). Volumes of distribution for each tracer (362 +/- 58, 433 +/- 51, and 446 +/- 63 ml/kg) and the transfer rate constants (0.0224 +/- 0.0020, 0.0222 +/- 0.0020, and 0.0240 +/- 0.0023 min(-1)) for [2-15N]-, [U-14C]-, and [3,4-3H]glutamine, respectively, were not significantly different from one another. However, turnover of glutamine determined with [3,4-3H]glutamine (6.14 +/- 0.54 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) exceeded that determined with [U-14C]glutamine (5.72 +/- 0.541 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.03), which in turn exceeded that determined with [2-15N]glutamine (4.67 +/- 0.39 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.01). The monocompartmental non-steady-state equations of both DeBodo et al. (DeBodo, R., R. Steele, A. Dunn, and J. Bishop. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 19: 445-448, 1963) and Finegood et al. (Finegood, D., R. Bergman, and M. Vranic. Diabetes 36: 914-924, 1987) yielded acceptable approximations of predicted rates of glutamine plasma appearance with deviations from predicted rates from 0.2 to 1.6% (Finegood et al.) and from 0.1 to 8.2% (DeBodo et al.). Use of a 0.75 pool fraction most closely approximated predicted rates.
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PMID:Steady-state and non-steady-state measurements of plasma glutamine turnover in humans. 914 83

More than 100 million women worldwide are thought to use steroid hormone contraceptive methods, with an estimated 93 million women using combined oral contraceptives (COCs). The composition and use of these contraceptive preparations, especially those of COCs, have changed dramatically over the years. The World Health Organization (WHO) convened a Scientific Group Meeting on Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception during November 3-7, 1997, to review current scientific data on the use of steroid hormone contraception as they relate to the risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and venous thromboembolic disease. The group also reviewed the incidence of cardiovascular disease among women of reproductive age in general, how the effect of risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be changed using hormonal contraceptives, and whether different compositions of COCs have different cardiovascular risk profiles. The group was comprised of the authors of background papers prepared for the meeting and experts from around the world. The scientific group's conclusions are presented. The incidence and mortality rates of all cardiovascular diseases are very low among reproductive-age women. For women who do not smoke, who have their blood pressure checked, and who do not have hypertension or diabetes, the risk of myocardial infarction in COC users is not increased regardless of age. While current users of COCs have a low absolute risk of venous thromboembolism, their risk is still 3-6 times greater than that of nonusers, with the risk probably being highest during the first year of use.
Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1997 Nov 28
PMID:WHO scientific group meeting on cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraceptives. 940 87

Previous studies have suggested that production of reactive oxygen species by embryonic mitochondria may have a role in the induction of both high-amplitude mitochondrial swelling and embryonic dysmorphogenesis in diabetic pregnancy. The present study analyzed the relationships between a putative metabolite-induced production of free oxygen radicals, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, and high-amplitude mitochondrial swelling in embryos during organogenesis. For studies in vitro, day 9 embryos of normal rats were cultured for 48 h with a high concentration of glucose in the absence or presence of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHC), a mitochondrial pyruvate transport inhibitor. The morphology of mitochondria in the neuroepithelium of the embryos was studied with the aid of transmission electron microscopy. For studies in vivo, normal and diabetic pregnant rats were fed a diet supplemented with the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), and the ultrastructure of mitochondria in the embryonic neuroepithelium and in the visceral yolk sac was investigated on gestational day 11. Exposure to a high concentration of glucose in vitro or to maternal diabetes in vivo induced high-amplitude swelling of mitochondria in the neuroepithelium of the embryos. The swelling of mitochondria was prevented by addition of CHC to the culture media or by maternal ingestion of antioxidant-supplemented food. In diabetic pregnancy, embryonic mitochondria during organogenesis produce free oxygen radicals that cause mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and swelling and furthermore embryonic dysmorphogenesis. Dietary supplementation with antioxidants to the mother may prevent embryonic malformations in diabetic pregnancy by inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction.
Anat Rec 1998 07
PMID:Maternal antioxidant treatments prevent diabetes-induced alterations of mitochondrial morphology in rat embryos. 966 57

In patients with PCOS low dose administration of follicle stimulating hormone is accepted as a safe treatment modality with low risk for an ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome or a multiple pregnancy. In this study we have retrospectively compared the efficacy of 3 different FSH preparations in low dose protocols-urinary FSH (FSH), highly purified urinary FSH (FSHHP) and recombinant FSH (rec. FSH). A total of 68 PCOS-patients, 36 lean and 32 moderately obese patients, were treated in 116 stimulation cycles. The mean age did not differ between the groups. A mean number of 1.7 cycles per patient was performed. PCOS was diagnosed in all patients by hormonal and sonographic means. Treatment was performed with daily injections of one ampoule FSH from day 3 onwards. Ovulation was induced with 10,000 IU HCG, when the leading follicle exceeded 16 mm in diameter and no more than 3 follicles were seen. The rate of monofollicular cycles was lowest in obese patients after FSHHP stimulation (30%) and after rec. FSH (66.6% in lean and 58.3% in obese patients, respectively). The number of FSH ampoules did not differ significantly between the groups. No severe hyperstimulation syndrome was registered. 21 pregnancies were achieved without significant differences between the different FSH preparations. Besides two abortions and one ectopic implantation, 12 pregnancies were ongoing singleton pregnancies, 3 twin pregnancies and 3 sets of triplets were noted. In conclusion, low-dose stimulation with FSH offers a safe and successful treatment option in patients with PCOS with an acceptable risk for multiple gestations.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1998
PMID:Low-dose FSH stimulation in polycystic ovary syndrome: comparison of 3 FSH-preparations. 983 12

The estimation of incidence (or risk) of disease depends on accurate and complete reporting of new cases and precise estimation of the population at risk. Therefore, incidence studies are often based on population-based incidence registries. A critical problem in diabetes research, however, has been the lack of adequate population-based data. For diseases that have a distinct and rapid onset, the best method of obtaining population-based data is to develop registries of community health information. These disease registries form an important tool for assessing the clinical course of diseases and can lead to an understanding of their etiology and pathogenesis. Moreover, by facilitating identification of cases, disease registries can serve as a population source for genetic and immunological testing, the results of which can be directly related to absolute risk. Evaluation of factors associated with a disease can suggest methods for reducing its incidence and even lead to its eradication. Such registries also permit the evaluation of existing or proposed health care measures. Registry information can rapidly be communicated to the local area health authorities to assist in altering patterns of care. Registries are therefore important for understanding the etiology and complications of chronic diseases as well as for evaluation of medical care in populations. For diabetes, and in particular, insulin-dependent diabetes, the development and comparison of registries in diverse populations worldwide may be more important than for other diseases. A major reason for developing them is that the disease is very costly both for patients and society.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Top Health Rec Manage 1990 Dec
PMID:Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: applications of health records for understanding etiology. The Pittsburgh IDDM Registry Group. 1010 95

A statewide stratified, random sample of diabetes-related hospital discharges for Medicare and Medicaid recipients was reviewed to assess principal diagnosis coding validity. After reabstracting, only 60 percent of the sample were found to be unequivocally correct. In another 23 percent, the correct principal diagnosis could not be determined with certainty. Furthermore, ten percent of the cases where diabetes mellitus was coded as another diagnosis were ambiguous as to whether diabetes actually was the principal diagnosis. The potential impacts of these ambiguities on measures of admission rates, average length of stay, and hospital payment are examined.
J Am Med Rec Assoc 1984 Feb
PMID:Ambiguities in the selection of the principal diagnosis: impact on data quality, hospital statistics and DRGs. 1031 Mar 80

It is well known that Dupuytren's contracture is often associated with diabetes mellitus. Palmar fascia from individuals with diabetes mellitus and/or Dupuytren's contracture as well as controls were subjected to differential scanning calorimetry, biomechanical and biochemical analysis. The collagen denaturation temperature of the palmar aponeurosis from individuals with diabetes mellitus in the presence (71.0 degrees C) or absence of Dupuytren's contracture (70. 6 degrees C) was increased as compared with controls (68.5 degrees C), while this parameter was significantly reduced (about 3.5 degrees C) in contracture bands of Dupuytren's contracture. Stress relaxation experiments revealed that the viscous fraction was slightly reduced in diabetes mellitus (6.5%) vs. controls (8.3%), whereas in Dupuytren's contracture, irrespective of additional diabetes mellitus, a pronounced increase of this parameter was seen (36.5% vs. 24.5%) in the presence of diabetes mellitus. The time constants were significantly elevated by both disorders, this increase being more pronounced in Dupuytren's contracture. Taken together, these changes can be explained by increased cross-linking in diabetes mellitus, while in Dupuytren's contracture other structural changes, such as increased collagen type III content and loss of fascicular organization, play an additional role besides the finding of reduced cross linking.
Anat Rec 1999 08 01
PMID:Comparison of palmar aponeuroses from individuals with diabetes mellitus and Dupuytren's contracture. 1040 13

The aim of this work was to compare biochemical, two-dimensional biomechanical and calorimetric parameters of diabetic skin vs. control skin. Skin specimens taken from the palms and backs of the hands of aged persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and of controls (CO) were compared (age range 68-85 years). Only skin specimens from individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) showed an increased fluorescence specific for the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and the presence of tissue AGEs, such as N(e)-(Carboxymethyl)lysine (CML). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed an elevation of the heat flow per unit mass during collagen denaturation in diabetic skin samples. However, the temperatures of the heat flow maximum and the onset of the phase transformation were not uniformly altered. Young's moduli were found to be increased in diabetic skin and correlated with AGE-fluorescence and tissue AGEs. The ratio between the Young's moduli, which defines a measure for the degree of anisotropy, was higher for dorsal skins from hands. In dorsal skin specimens from diabetic subjects the degree of anisotropy was more pronounced than in healthy controls. In general, neither of the measured parameters showed any correlation with age. However, E(1) moduli were clearly associated with the duration of diabetes.
Anat Rec 2000 07 01
PMID:Differential scanning calorimetry, biochemical, and biomechanical analysis of human skin from individuals with diabetes mellitus. 1086 65

Angiogenesis, the formation of vessels from pre-existing vessels, is of critical importance not only during normal growth, but also in pathological situations. In the latter, some diseases are enhanced by excessive vascular growth (e.g., tumors), whereas in others inadequate vascular growth contributes to morbidity and mortality (e. g., ischemic heart disease). Our current state of knowledge makes it clear that the cascade of angiogenic events depends on complex processes that include cell-cell interactions, various intracellular signaling pathways, and the appropriate extracellular microenvironment. The literature regarding angiogenesis has increased exponentially during the last decade. Progress in this area is largely a consequence of advances in our understanding of angiogenic growth factor and cytokine function, in part due to the determination of their complete amino acid sequences and cloning of their genes. Other factors also play key roles in angiogenesis, including the extracellular matrix, adhesion molecules and their inhibitors, and metabolic and mechanical factors. The potential for developing therapeutic protocols has been enhanced by data from both in vitro and in vivo studies and has provided the rationale for clinic trials. Angiogenic therapy strategies include inhibition of aberrant angiogenesis, as seen in tumors or diabetes, as well as stimulation of angiogenesis in conditions of ischemia, such as ischemic heart or peripheral vascular disease. Anat Rec (New Anat) 261:126-135, 2000.
Anat Rec 2000 06 15
PMID:Angiogenesis: new insights and therapeutic potential. 1086 30

Skeletal muscle is one of the main targets of the metabolic alterations in diabetes, in which protein synthesis is markedly reduced followed by increased proteolysis. Ultrastructural and functional changes in the presynaptic compartment of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) have been demonstrated, but little attention has been paid to the proteins in the postsynaptic muscle fiber membrane. In the present work, we studied the changes in acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and nerve terminal distribution in the NMJ of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The sternomastoid muscles of adult female NOD mice were double-labeled for AChR and nerve terminal observation by fluorescence and reflected light confocal microscopy. In 62.4% of the diabetic endplates, AChR branches broke apart into receptor islands that stained less than in the normal mice. These patches had regular junctional folds. At most of the endplates studied, the nerve terminals colocalized with AChRs, and sprouts were seen in 10% of the diabetic endplates. The intramuscular nerve branches and axons in the nerve to the sternomastoid muscle showed no degenerative disorders. These results suggest that metabolic alterations in the diabetic muscle fiber can affect the distribution and expression of molecules, such as AChRs, in the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction.
Anat Rec 2002 Jun 01
PMID:Acetylcholine receptors and nerve terminal distribution at the neuromuscular junction of non-obese diabetic mice. 1199 79


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