Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Exocrine pancreatic function was investigated by means of the Lundh test model in dogs with chronic duodenal and gastric fistulas. The test was standardized and the effect of glucagon on exocrine pancreatic secretion was evaluated. The mean tryptic activity detected in 18 tests in 6 dogs was 32.25 +/- 5.25 muEqH+/minute/ml, which is considerably higher than that observed in man. The administration of glucagon was followed by a significant decrease (30.8%) in the volume of the duodenal contents and a more pronounced depression of the enzyme concentrations (trypsin 59%, chymotrypsin 53.3%). It is concluded that the Lundh test affords a valuable experimental model for the investigation of exocrine pancreatic function in dogs.
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PMID:Influence of glucagon on exocrine pancreatic function as determined by the Lundh test in dogs. 59 92

The exocrine pancreatic function was studied in humans by performing a secretin-cholecystokinin test before and after treatment with oxytetracycline or chloramphenicol. In the oxytetracycline-treated patients there was a depression of the amylase and lipase outputs in the duodenal secretion, chymotrypsin decreasing only slightly. After treatment with the two antibiotics the calcium secretion was reduced. The other parameters measured in the duodenal secretion remained essentially unchanged. The enzyme dissociation observed in the present studies is considered to reflect the onset of pancreatic dysfunction due to antibiotic administration. As in the previous animal onset of pancreatic dysfunction due to antibiotic administration. As in the previous animal experiments, the suggested explanation for the changes in enzyme secretion is an inhibition of protein synthesis in the exocrine pancreas due to oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol.
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PMID:Exocrine pancreatic function in man after treatment with oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol. 95 76

Thirty-seven pigs were used to evaluate the effects of age and weaning on the level of protease in the gastric mucosa and trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the pancreas. There was a positive allometry of the pancreas and gastric mucosa associated with age and with weaning to a solid diet. Increases with age in total activity of chymotrypsin, trypsin, amylase and gastric proteases were due to increases in both tissue weight and enzyme activity per gram of tissue. A general depression in pancreatic enzymatic activities, but not in gastric proteolytic activity, was found during the first week following weaning. Forty pigs were used in a second trial to evaluate the effects of age and weaning diet on the same digestive enzymes. Total activity of all enzymes assayed increased with time postweaning. Increases in total activity of lipase and chymotrypsin were due primarily to increased pancreatic weight postweaning. Amylase, trypsin and gastric protease increases were due both to increased tissue weight and increased activity per gram of tissue. There were no effects of diet on the weight of gastric mucosa or the level of activity of the gastric proteases. Pigs fed a diet containing 20% whey had larger pancreases (P less than .10) at slaughter and a greater, but nonsignificant, mean activity per gram of pancreas for all pancreatic enzymes. It appears that the pig has sufficient pancreatic and gastric enzyme activity so that performance should not be limited, with the possible exception of the period shortly after weaning. However diet digestibility and subsequent pig performance may be more directly related to the extent of release of these enzymes into the intestine and the conditions that exist therein.
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PMID:Effect of age, weaning and diet on digestive enzyme levels in the piglet. 242 84

We have examined the sites phosphorylated on acetyl-CoA carboxylase by three protein kinases which have been shown to inactivate the enzyme, i.e. cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-2 (ACK2, purified from rat mammary gland) and the AMP-activated protein kinase (formerly called acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-3, purified from rat liver). Each protein kinase phosphorylates two out of three sites (termed 1-3) which have been established by amino acid sequencing. The two sites phosphorylated by each kinase can be recovered on separate peptides, TC1 and TC2, derived by combined digestion of the native enzyme by trypsin and chymotrypsin: TC1 = Ser-2Ser(P)-Met-3Ser(P)-Gly-Leu; TC2 = Arg-Met-1Ser(P)-Phe- Cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates sites 1 and 2 exclusively, whereas the AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates sites 1 and 3, plus at least one other minor site. ACK2 phosphorylates site 1 and, more slowly, an unidentified site(s) within TC1. We have also established the structures of the single major phosphopeptides (T1 and C1 respectively) which are recovered by HPLC after acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylated by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase is digested with trypsin or chymotrypsin alone. T1 is related to TC1, and has the structure: Ser-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Gly-Leu-His-Leu-Val-Lys. C1 is identical with TC2. We have carried out studies on the correlation of the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase with the occupancy of sites 1, 2 and 3 during phosphorylation by each of the three protein kinases. The results suggest that phosphorylation of site 3 is primarily responsible for the large decrease in Vmax produced by the AMP-activated protein kinase, while phosphorylation of site 1 may be primarily responsible for the increase in A0.5 for citrate and more modest depression of Vmax produced by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and ACK2. Our results emphasize that amino acid sequence information is essential in the unequivocal interpretation of data from phosphopeptide mapping experiments and allow a more complete interpretation of previous data on phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in intact cells. They also open the way to experiments which could establish the physiological roles of these protein kinases in the control of fatty acid synthesis.
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PMID:Identification by amino acid sequencing of three major regulatory phosphorylation sites on rat acetyl-CoA carboxylase. 290 Jan 38

The duclauxin derivatives xenoclauxin and desacetylduclauxin were examined for their effects on the growth of L-1210 murine leukemia cells, on the induction of DNA repair in the rat and mouse hepatocyte primary culture (HPC/DNA repair test), and on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from rat livers in comparison to duclauxin. Both derivatives inhibited the growth of L-1210 culture cells as strongly as duclauxin. Duclauxin derivatives were negative in the HPC/DNA repair test. Xenoclauxin exhibited a potent uncoupling effect accompanying a marked depression of state 3 respiration of mitochondria in a similar fashion to that of duclauxin. Desacetylduclauxin significantly inhibited the state 3 respiration without causing uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. These results strongly suggest that xenoclauxin and desacetylduclauxin from Penicillium duclauxii are not genotoxic but are cytotoxic mainly due to their potent inhibition of ATP synthesis in mitochondria.
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PMID:Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of xenoclauxin and desacetyl duclauxin from Penicillium duclauxii (Delacroix). 391 22

1. The selective isolation of an ;active' histidine peptide from reduced and cyanoethylated chymotrypsin-alpha inhibited with Tos-Phe-CH(2)Cl (l-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone) was obtained with a His(tauCm) (N(tau)-carboxymethylhistidine) diagonal peptide-;mapping' technique. Performic acid vapours, used between the first and second dimensions of the diagonal peptide ;map', resulted in a peracid rearrangement of the alkylated (Tos-Phe-CH(2))-histidine-57 residue into an N(tau)-carboxymethylhistidine residue. The consequent change in electrophoretic mobility allowed isolation of peptides that contained the ;active' histidine. 2. Peptides containing methionine or S-cyanoethylcysteine were oxidized to their sulphones during the treatment. Peptides in which these residues were N-terminal were selectively isolated on the basis of the change in electrophoretic mobility at pH6.5 which was due to the depression of the pK of the terminal amino group by the inductive effect of the sulphonyl group. 3. An attempt to apply the method to subtilisin BPN' inhibited with l-1-benzyloxycarbonylamido-2-phenylethyl bromomethyl ketone failed to yield a peptide containing N(tau)-carboxymethylhistidine, although peptides containing N-terminal methionine were isolated by the procedure.
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PMID:The selective isolation of an active-site histidine peptide from chymotrypsin-alpha by diagonal peptide 'mapping'. An N-tau-carboxymethylhistidine diagonal peptide "mapping.". 446 43

Self-sealing, not found in frog skeletal muscle fibers immersed in Ringer's solution, can be induced by solutions rich in calcium ion. Strontium replaced calcium on the sealing process, but magnesium did not. The sealing accomplished in high-calcium media was preserved in those fibers reimmersed in normal Ringer's solution. Measurements of the rate of sealing at different temperatures indicated that self-sealing induced by calcium has a high activation energy. Phospholipase C, an enzyme that hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids, produced a marked depression on the rate of sealing. Trypsin or chymotrypsin had no influence on the sealing process.
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PMID:Membrane sealing in frog skeletal-muscle fibers. 451 29

1. Raw soya-bean meal (RS) was fractionated into soya-bean lyophilized extract (SLE), soya-bean lyophilized residue (SLR), acid-precipitated proteins (APP) and whey proteins. 2. Trypsin (EC 3. 4. 21. 4)and chymotrypsin (EC 3. 4. 21.1) inhibitors (TI) were soluble at pH 8 and remained soluble after the extract was acidified to pH 4.4 Except for whey, heating abolished, almost totally, their inhibiting activity. 3. Feeding SLE diet (high TI content) and APP diet (low TI content) resulted in growth depression below the RS level. Feeding the SLR diet resulted in an optimal growth. Feeding diets containing heated fractions improved the growth rate though not to the level observed with heated RS (HS) diet. 4. RS, SLE, APP and whey diets produced similar pancreatic enlargement which could be totally (RS, whey) or partially (SLE, APP) abolished by heating. 5. Feeding the RS diet reduced pancreatic amylase content. The factor responsible for this effect cofractionated with SLE and whey proteins. 6. Two groups of factors in the various diets were probably responsible for the elevation in pancreatic proteases. The first group were the heat-labile factors present in RS, SLE and whey whereas the second group resisted the heat treatment and were found in APP and SLR. 7. The results suggest that for optimal growth rate of rats, heat treatment should be given to the unfractionated soya-bean proteins rather than to the isolated fractions. The results further indicated that TI are not the only factors that can lead to pancreatic enlargement and changes in pancreatic enzymes composition.
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PMID:The effect of dietary raw and autoclaved soya-bean protein fractions on growth, pancreatic enlargement and pancreatic enzymes in rats. 719 36

To determine whether patients with hypothalamo-pituitary Cushing's disease (HPC-D) can be distinguished on psychological grounds from these presenting with adrenal Cushing's syndrome (AC-S) or with ectopic ACTH syndrome, an in-depth psychological study including full personal, family and socio-professional history and a psychological interview was carried out in 50 patients with endogenous hypercortisolism. The results showed that psychiatric symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, are virtually constant in patients with either HPC-D or AC-S. They are, however, more pronounced in patients with HPC-D, and the latter condition is more likely to develop in subjects with either "psychosomatic" or pre-morbid depressive neurotic personality.
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PMID:[Psychic symptoms and personality of 50 patients with Cushing's syndrome (author's transl)]. 727 33

Day-old male meat-type chicks were fed a commercial starter diet supplemented with 2 levels of enzyme preparations containing amylase and proteases up to 14 d of age. Enzyme supplementation had no significant effect on feed intake or growth rate, and was accompanied by a significant decrease in gizzard content and small intestine weight. The intestine contents increased and this increase was accompanied by a significant decrease in its pH. Enzyme supplementation depressed the activity of chymotrypsin in the pancreas and the activity of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents. Some carry-over effects were observed on d 42, 4 weeks after the cessation of the enzyme supplements. These were mainly a significant depression in the activity of trypsin in the intestinal contents. In a balance study, diets supplemented with 0,250 and 1,000 micrograms/kg enzyme preparations were supplied. Exogenous enzyme supplements had no significant effect on the digestibility of all the nutrients studied except for the highest level of enzyme supplementation, which improved slightly but consistently the digestibility of amino acids. Some age effects were observed, mainly a decrease in the digestibility of fat and starch, and in the ME of the diet from weeks 1 to 2 followed by an increase during week 3. Protein digestibility and retention of nitrogen decreased with age.
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PMID:Effect of age and exogenous amylase and protease on development of the digestive tract, pancreatic enzyme activities and digestibility of nutrients in young meat-type chicks. 753 5


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