Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 23- to 24-year-old age group representative of the general population of the Canton of Zurich, was used to detect depression. The classifications obtained by means of the Feighner, RDC and DSM-III criteria are compared with our own concept, which differs in some aspects. A minimum of 2 weeks of depression is labeled as EDE (extensive depressive episode). Instead of the presence of a minimum number of depressive symptoms, social impairment at work is first examined as a case-defining criterion (EDE[WORK]); in a second step, a diagnostic threshold of three, and five, depressive symptoms for males and females respectively is adopted (EDE[SYM]). The consequences are presented relating to prevalence, incidence, sex distribution, overlap with other diagnostic concepts, severity, bipolarity and family history. An unequal sex distribution in depression is shown to be an artifact of definition. Preference should go to a case-definition that could be specifically adapted to a given problem. On the whole, the DSM-III and EDE(WORK) criteria appear to be too broad. We will henceforth prefer the RDC and EDE(SYM) criteria, which both, however, necessitate further methodological and empirical study.
 ...
PMID:The Zurich study. III. Diagnosis of depression. 633 45

Most modern studies on depression use standardized diagnostic approaches, such as the St. Louis Criteria or the RDC. The main aim of these methods is to select reliable samples for research purposes. However, doubts have been raised as to whether the groups derived through these criteria are homogeneous. In order to investigate the stability of the diagnosis of Primary Affective Disorder (PAD), a group of 78 patients meeting the criteria for this disorder were followed for 4 years. During this period 19.2% of patients showed important psychopathological symptoms other than affective. No particular factor, apart from bipolar illness, was found to be significantly predictive of a stable diagnosis. However, the rate of diagnoses would have been greater by taking into account family history and premorbid personality of the patients. The authors conclude that other sources of information, beyond present symptoms, ought to be taken into account in order to reach more homogeneous groupings.
 ...
PMID:Stability of the diagnosis of primary affective disorder. A four-year follow-up study. 646 85

In a study of 20 inpatients who met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia, there was a high incidence of depressed mood (N = 14), DSM-III melancholia (N = 6) and dexamethasone nonsuppression (N = 7). This incidence of positive DSTs (serum cortisol greater than 5 micrograms/dl at 3:30 or 10:00) was significantly higher than the expected rate based on a literature review (35% vs. 4%, p less than .001). A positive DST did not result in all cases in antidepressant pharmacotherapy, nor did a negative result preclude such treatment. Hence, clinicians in the study did not "treat the DST" in the absence of clinical evidence of depression. This study is consistent with others reporting a significant proportion of depressed schizophrenics. However, some studies have claimed no differences in response to dexamethasone between nondepressed and schizophrenic patients. These findings do not support a biological basis for the RDC differentiation of primary and secondary depression and challenge the DSM-III concept of schizophrenia as excluding the diagnosis of major depression. Viewed from a different perspective, the data may support recent reports casting doubt on the specificity of the DST.
 ...
PMID:The dexamethasone suppression test in schizophrenia. 646 27

A treatment outcome study included patients from a hospital outpatient clinic and a general practice. All patients who entered the study fulfilled the RDC criteria for primary major depressive disorder and had a minimum score on the Beck Depression Inventory of 14. In spite of these identical inclusion criteria GP patients and hospital outpatients showed marked differences with regard to sociodemographic variables, psychopathology and course of illness. Most importantly, treatment outcome was different depending on the setting, although treatment procedures were identical. These findings strongly suggest that treatment recommendations for patients in different settings must be evaluated in these various settings. Generalisations from one setting to the other are not acceptable.
 ...
PMID:Setting relevant patient differences--a problem in phase-IV research. 649 42

A reliable method is described using high pressure liquid chromatography to measure creatine, creatinine, and urate in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood; albumin was analyzed by routine methods. Creatine and creatinine serve as indices of one aspect of brain energy metabolism, the creatine-creatine phosphate (CrP) shuttle. CSF levels have been adjusted to a set blood level by analysis of covariance. The ratios between CSF and blood concentrations of urate and albumin are two sensitive indices of impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Analyses were performed on 41 male and 58 female inpatients with RDC major depressive disorders, with a mean age of about 40 years. The CSF creatinine and creatine levels were highly positively age-dependent; this factor as well as possible influences of body habits were removed by way of analysis of covariance from all measures in focus. We describe positive, highly significant correlations between creatinine and monoamine metabolites (HVA and 5HIAA) and purine metabolites (hypoxanthine and xanthine) in CSF, and a strong negative correlation between both BBB permeability measures and the noradrenalin CSF metabolite MHPG. CSF creatinine was negatively linked with suicidal ideation and increased appetite. The BBB tended to be the more permeable the less melancholic the depression. No measure appeared to be dependent on depressive state. Comparisons of depressive subgroups revealed a higher CSF creatinine concentration in sporadic unipolar patients according to Winokur. A particularly wide variance in the albumin ratio was found in pure unipolars. Pure unipolars with an impaired BBB had a more protracted onset, were more suicidal, had a higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and lower plasma cortisol levels than those without. Impaired BBB was further linked with a slower EEG rhythm and higher systolic blood pressure. Results suggest significant contributions of brain energy metabolism and deranged BBB permeability in accounting for some aspects of neuronal transmission and modulation as well as the symptomatology of depressive illness.
 ...
PMID:Brain energy metabolism and blood-brain barrier permeability in depressive patients: analyses of creatine, creatinine, urate, and albumin in CSF and blood. 649 42

The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was administered shortly after admission to 102 consecutive in-patients with a Hamilton depression score greater than or equal to 16. Post-dexamethasone cortisol exceeded 6 micrograms/dl in 16 cases, and levels correlated significantly with Hamilton scores; with the AMP syndromes 'hypochondria', 'apathy' and 'catatonia'; and with the IMPS 'retarded depressive' syndrome. The criterion of suppression/non-suppression did not distinguish significantly between diagnostic categories (RDC or ICD), nor between endogenous and neurotic depression. (Newcastle scale). Both base-line and post-dexamethasone cortisol levels were reduced by prior treatment with minor tranquillisers, but not by major tranquillisers or antidepressants. DST results cannot be used as straightforward indicators of prognosis.
 ...
PMID:The DST and its relationship to psychiatric diagnosis, symptoms and treatment outcome. 650 68

A long-term epidemiological genetic study was conducted in which all new patients were evaluated prospectively at the Foundation for Depression and Manic Depression and two Lithium/Affective Disorders clinics at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center between the years of 1972 and 1978. All patients met Feighner, RDC and DSM III criteria for Major Depressive Disorder after initial clinical screening interviews and were further subtyped using the Fieve-Dunner 7-point criteria. All 604 probands and 90% of 2711 first-degree relatives were interviewed blindly by diagnosticians trained in the use of the SADS structured interview. Cumulative morbid risk in parents, siblings and children of 490 bipolar probands was 15.6 +/- 3% and 14.0 +/- 1.7% in the first-degree relatives of 114 unipolar probands. A number of biological and genetic marker studies were simultaneously performed on samples of the overall population. The enzymes catechol O-methyltransferase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and the dexamethasone suppression test (SDT) did not show any biological marker value for outpatients even though both enzymes were determined to have hereditability. The HLA system, monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase segregated differently from normal controls in samples of the patient population. The positive association findings with monoamine oxidase and the HLA system conflicted with the positive findings of other investigators, leaving doubtful their biological marker value. Red cell acetylcholinesterase was found to be significantly lower in affective disorder patients than in controls. This positive association finding was recently replicated by Mathews et al. (1982) but needs further confirmation. Using 28 blood group markers, a prior association study between the trait defining susceptibility to affective disorder and the genetic marker was positive for haptoglobin GC, and properdinfactor B, confirming earlier findings. Using the sib-pair method on the remaining 25 blood groups revealed that none other than peptidase A showed significant linkage with affective disorder since one significant finding is expected by chance. We conclude from the overall morbid risk data and segregation analyses that bipolar manic-depressive illness is a spectrum disease inherited through a multifactorial mode of genetic transmission (which is not synonymous with polygenetic inheritance) with possible genetic heterogeneity and find no evidence for X-linkage. Additional studies with acetylcholinesterase, haptoglobin, GC, and properdin-factor B are needed to confirm their positive biological/genetic marker value suggested by our long-term epidemiological study.
 ...
PMID:Search for biological/genetic markers in a long-term epidemiological and morbid risk study of affective disorders. 651 12

In a sample of 92 inpatients with major depression, REM latency showed a unimodal, rather than bimodal, distribution, with peak frequency between 50-59 min (on each of 4 consecutive nights). A total of 20 patients (21.6%) exhibited a sleep onset REM period (SOREMP-10) i.e., REM latency less than or equal to 10 min, during at least 1 of the 4 nights; an additional 11 patients (12%) showed REM latencies of 11-20 min on at least one night. SOREMP-10 positive patients were older both at the time of study (p less than 0.01) and at the age of onset of depressive illness (p less than .01) than the rest of the sample. They also showed greater sleep continuity disturbances, while patients with at least one SOREMP-20, i.e., REM latency less than or equal to 20 min, exhibited higher REM percentage (p less than or equal to 0.05) and a higher first-period density (p less than 0.05) than the remaining patients. No other clinical or polysomnographic correlates of SOREMP positivity were noted with regard to gender, RDC subtypes, severity of illness, or clinical response to tricyclic antidepressants. The unimodal distribution of REM latency, as well as the absence of a relationship between SOREMP positivity and severity of depression or therapeutic outcome, may result from the low representation of psychotic depressives in this sample (n = 6), who might constitute a qualitatively different subgroup.
 ...
PMID:REM latency distribution in major depression: clinical characteristics associated with sleep onset REM periods. 651 14

In this study we have examined four parts of the 5th revision of the World Health Organization schedule for Standardized Assessment of Depressive Disorders (WHO/SADD-5): (I) items that cover the present depressive state; (II) items that cover the psychiatric history; (III) a global assessment scale for the severity of depression, and (IV) the current ICD-9 diagnosis. Our analysis was based on a comparison of the interobserver reliability of item combinations leading to DSM-III, RDC, Newcastle and Melancholia Scale classifications of patients with depressive disorders. To facilitate these combinations we had added 4 items to SADD: (a) quality of depression, (b) persistence of depression, (c) reactivity of symptoms, and (d) accusations of others. Our results showed that WHO/SADD-5 has an acceptable degree of interobserver reliability both at the levels of global assessment of severity of depression and ICD-9 diagnosis, whereas the item combinations obtained lower intraclass coefficients. However, the items analysis focused on two SADD subscales of acceptable interobserver reliability: a severity scale of 16 items selected from our Melancholia Scale, and a diagnostic scale of another 10 items selected from the two Newcastle Scales.
 ...
PMID:World Health Organization Schedule for Standardized Assessment of Depressive Disorders (WHO/SADD-5). Item combinations and interobserver reliability. 653 40

The validity of a scale for endogenomorphic depression derived from the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was studied in 147 women outpatients with primary depression. Endogenomorphicity scores were bimodally distributed, with 53% of the sample considered high (score greater than 7) and 47% considered low for endogenomorphicity. This cutting point significantly predicted RDC (81%) and DSM-III (64%) diagnoses of endogenous or nonendogenous depression. The high-endogenomorphicity group also scored significantly higher on a number of measures of depressive symptomatology and social impairment. Further directions for research and potential applications of this scale were discussed.
 ...
PMID:A Hamilton subscale for endogenomorphic depression. 657 58


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>