Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Comprehensive immune function by integrated score was assessed in 158 operable, 55 inoperable, and 52 metastatic breast cancer patients relative to 107 healthy controls. The score was derived from in vivo response to PPD and DNCB and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by PPD and PHA. Proportion of E-RFC was significantly lower in patients than in controls but was not found to correlate directly with the above functional criteria. Fifty-one percent of the patients with early, operable tumors were shown to be at least partially immunosuppressed by integrated score achievement vs. 11% of controls. This proportion rises to 68% of inoperable and 89% of metastatic patients. Quantitative analysis by graded response revealed an additional, significant degree of immune impairment in the respective patient groups by all testing parameters. Depression of immune function in operable patients was not related to age nor influenced by surgery. Immunocompetence of patients with mammary dysplasia did not differ from controls. Increasing size of primary tumor (T) was not found to be matched by progressive degree of immunosuppression, excepting that associated with large T4 tumors. Patients with lymph node involvement (N+) were not significantly immunologically inferior to those without (N0) where the larger operable T2-3) tumors are concerned. In the smallest, T1 tumors, nodal involvement (N+) is accompanied by remarkable immunosuppression relative to T1N0 cases. This finding suggests a pre-existing immune defect inherent in T1N+ patients. It supports the hypothesis that the immunosuppression associated with early breast cancer is primary, patient related. Secondary tumor-induced depression of immune response characterizes advanced and metastatic human breast cancer.
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PMID:Immunocompetence, immunosuppression, and human breast cancer. II. Further evidence of initial immune impairment by integrated assessment effect of nodal involvement (N) and of primary tumor size (T). 737 Sep 52

The electrophysiologic effects of diltiazem, a calcium antagonistic agent, were studied in 30 subjects with various degrees of sinus or AV node dysfunction. After diltiazem was administered, sinus activity was not depressed in control subjects, whereas marked inhibition was observed in some of the patients with sick sinus syndrome. Ventricular automaticity was little affected by this drug. The AV conduction system was significantly depressed, and there was no difference in degree between controls and AV block patients. The depression of the AV conduction system became more marked as the basic atrial cycle length was shortened. The drug had no apparent effects on atrial refractoriness, atrial echo zone, or the accessory pathway system. Conclusively, diltiazem affects mainly sinus and AV conduction systems. Its effect on the sinus mode may provide a hazardous problem in patients with the sick sinus sysdrome patients, while its effect on the AV node will have therapeutic value in patients with AV nodal re-entrant arrhythmias.
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PMID:Electrophysiologic effects of diltiazem, a calcium antagonist, in patients with impaired sinus or atrioventricular node function. 744 77

A 24-year-old man presented to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and an acute confusional state of 6 hours' duration. Ten hours before admission, he had ingested a mixture of orange juice and six ground leaves, later identified as Nerium oleander (common pink oleander) leaves. His blood pressure was 100/80 mm Hg, and his pulse rate was irregular at 40/min. He was disoriented and his speech was dysarthric. Twelve-lead electrocardiography revealed a complete atrioventricular block, with a nodal escape rhythm of 40/min and diffuse ST depression. The presumptive diagnosis of acute oleander intoxication was confirmed by the detection of digoxin (1.0 nmol/L [0.8 ng/mL]) on radioimmunoassay. Despite intensive therapy, the patient's hemodynamic condition deteriorated. His blood pressure decreased to 70/40 mm Hg; he became oliguric and nonresponsive to external stimuli; and his potassium concentration rose to 6.8 mmol/L. Eighteen hours after admission, an empiric 480-mg dose of digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments was administered intravenously over 30 minutes. Within minutes of the initiation of immunotherapy, the patient woke up; his blood pressure rose to 90/50 mm Hg; and he regained a sinus rhythm of 68/min with a prolonged PR interval. His potassium concentration decreased to 5.1 mmol/L within 15 minutes and normalized within 1 hour of therapy initiation. One day later, the 1 degree atrioventricular block disappeared, but the ST depression persisted for an additional 6 days. The value of digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments in the treatment of plant glycoside and, in particular, oleander intoxication is discussed.
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PMID:Beneficial effect of digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments in oleander intoxication. 757 73

Current management of coronary artery disease has taken a very aggressive approach in which cardiac catheterization plays a prominent role in patient evaluation and in which bypass and angioplasty are commonly used for therapy. The number of cardiac catheterizations and procedures, not surprisingly, have grown in tandem because angiography provides anatomic information that becomes the substrate for justifying interventions. Bypass surgery has been shown to confer a survival benefit compared with medical therapy in patients with multiple-vessel disease and left ventricular dysfunction, but it also is still used in other patient populations with equivocal indications. Comparison studies of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with medical management have indicated a slight advantage with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in limiting symptoms, but no evidence yet supports its survival benefit. Angioplasty, however, has become much more common in the last decade, particularly as the initial revascularization technique. Because cardiac catheterization is frequently the nodal branch point between invasive and noninvasive (i.e., medical) management, its application should be limited to high-risk candidates who would receive a survival benefit from these procedures or to those with intractable symptoms. Those who propose that catheterization is the best method for risk stratification argue that noninvasive testing requires physiologically significant disease and that morbid or fatal events can occur with rapid progression of minimal disease. From the studies reviewed, however, the extent of coronary angiographic disease is not clearly predictive of future cardiovascular events. Although some studies found the number of diseased vessels to be independent prognostic variables, most found that it did not add any additional prognostic information beyond that provided from noninvasive testing. Furthermore, there has been an argument that silent ischemia puts patients at higher risk of sudden death or infarction, and these patients need to be catheterized. However, numerous studies have shown that this concern is exaggerated. The studies reviewed found that except for patients with diabetes, those with "silent" or painless exercise-induced ST depression do not have a worse prognosis than those with symptomatic ST depression when cardiovascular death, sudden death, or acute myocardial infarction are considered Clinical and exercise test variables have been underused in estimating prognosis. Specifically, they are rarely used systematically to stratify patients into low-risk groups who do not need catheterization and high-risk groups who should undergo angiography because of possible lesions amenable to bypass or angioplasty.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Clinical and exercise test markers of prognosis in patients with stable coronary artery disease. 781 29

The prevalence of atrial fibrillation increases with age, with rates of 2-5% among people over the age of 60 years. Patients may be highly symptomatic or may suffer from hemodynamic compromise or thromboembolic complications. However, antiarrhythmic drug treatment implies problems like the choice of the suitable drug, the individual benefit/risk profile, and alternative treatment strategies. Experimental and clinical data support the concept that atrial fibrillation in the clinical setting in most cases is due to multiple reentrant wavelets. A critical number of three to six simultaneously circulating reentrant wavelets seems to be necessary for the maintenance of atrial fibrillation. Consequently, antiarrhythmic drugs may terminate or prevent atrial fibrillation by prolonging the refractory period or slowing conduction velocity, thereby leading to conduction block. In clinical practice, antiarrhythmic therapy may act by slowing of the ventricular rate due to depression of atrioventricular nodal conduction or by termination and/or prevention of atrial fibrillation. Digitalis is commonly used for the control of the ventricular rate. Betablocking drugs and verapamil are effective in this respect during exercise performance. For antiarrhythmic conversion and prophylaxis of recurrences of atrial fibrillation, class Ia (e.g., quinidine), Ic (e.g., flecainide and propafenone), and class III (e.g., amiodarone and sotalol) drugs of the Vaughan Williams classification are useful. Presently, no general concept exists whether medical or electrical cardioversion should be used as a first line approach for termination of atrial fibrillation. In the individual patient with atrial fibrillation, the potential benefit of restoring sinus rhythm must be weighed against the morbidity and mortality of the arrhythmia and the morbidity and mortality of the antiarrhythmic agents used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Problems with anti-arrhythmia therapy in atrial fibrillation]. 784 47

Previously we have described impaired myocardial conduction in patients receiving diltiazem and enflurane. The present study examines the possible mechanism(s) which may account for our clinical observation and presents methods of reversing adverse interactions. Nineteen mongrel dogs were randomized into two exposure groups: enflurane or chloralose anesthesia. Stepwise increasing doses of diltiazem were administered until predetermined endpoints were reached. Sinus and atrioventricular (AV) node function was assessed at all levels of diltiazem infusions, and after reversal drugs. Depression of AV nodal conduction and refractoriness after diltiazem administration was greater during enflurane anesthesia when compared with chloralose. There was severe sinus node dysfunction in enflurane-anesthetized animals. These effects were only reversed by isoproterenol. Patients may be at increased risk for severe sinus node depression when diltiazem is administered during enflurane anesthesia. This is due to a potent interaction between diltiazem and enflurane on the sinoatrial node.
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PMID:Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of diltiazem in dogs receiving either enflurane or chloralose anesthesia. 801 Apr 49

The effects of the new dihydropyridine Ca-antagonist felodipine (CAS 72509-76-3) (3 x 10(-9) mol/l - 10(-6) mol/l) on intracellular action potentials of the rabbit sinus node and atrium were studied. Results were compared to the effects of nifedipine (10(-8) mol/l - 3 x (-10) mol/l). Additionally, rate-dependent effects of both substances on AV nodal conduction time were assessed. The data demonstrate a concentration-dependent reduction of sinus nodal automaticity due to depression of phase 4 automaticity concomitant with a reduction of the maximum upstroke velocity of the sinus action potential by both substances. Felodipine was about one half order of magnitude more potent than nifedipine. Both substances exerted little effects on action potentials in atrial cells. Felodipine and nifedipine led to a concentration and frequency-dependent ("use-dependent") retardation of AV nodal conduction. Again felodipine was about one half order of magnitude more potent than nifedipine.
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PMID:Effects of dihydropyridine calcium-antagonists on intracellular action potentials of rabbit sinus node, atrium and atrioventricular node. Comparison of felodipine with nifedipine. 805 68

This study compares effects of equipotent concentrations of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on atrioventricular (AV) function in dogs. Enflurane anesthesia was associated with more AV nodal depression, only at faster heart rates than either halothane or isoflurane. These rate-related effects are important in the genesis of supraventricular reentrant tachyarrhythmias. Subsidiary pacemaker function exhibited marked variability between and within animals with no demonstrable difference between anesthetic drugs. Enflurane has more depressant effects on AV nodal recovery properties than halothane or isoflurane; however, there were no differences demonstrated on slow AV nodal conduction. This suggests that enflurane would be the most effective volatile anesthetic in converting or slowing supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, while carrying no more risk of causing advanced heart block.
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PMID:Comparative effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on atrioventricular conductivity and subsidiary pacemaker function in dogs. 806 48

The neuropsychiatric manifestations of HIV disease include neurobiologic and psychobiologic phenomena. The former consist of primary CNS complications caused directly by HIV, and include cognitive disorders (mild neurocognitive disorder and HIV-associated dementia) and other CNS diseases such as myelopathy and the demyelinating neuropathies; and secondary disorders (principally deliria) occasioned by opportunistic infections, neoplasms, cerebrovascular events, and the effects of metabolic derangements and medications. The latter (psychobiologic) phenomena reflect efforts to cope with various nodal, or transition points, in HIV disease; such points of transition include time of serostatus determination, adaptation to asymptomatic seropositivity, response to early medical symptomatology, and later transition to frank AIDS. Anxiety symptoms and various efforts to cope with anxiety (e.g., denial, anger, withdrawal, hypochondriacal preoccupation) all can punctuate these transition points. Additionally, there may be reactivation of long-standing psychopathology (e.g., depression) in seropositive individuals who tend to belong to a group that has an elevated prevalence of pre-infection psychiatric disorder. These interacting neurobiologic and psychobiologic phenomena pose challenges to the psychiatrist who must develop a good understanding of the medical aspects of HIV infection, as well as the neuropsychiatry of AIDS. In this way psychiatric physicians can play an important role in early identification of neuropsychiatric complications, assist the medical team to anticipate emotional and behavioral disturbances, and develop treatment plans that maximize our ability to help those with HIV infection achieve the best possible quality of life.
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PMID:Natural history of neuropsychiatric manifestations of HIV disease. 819 Jun 64

The calcium antagonists currently available exert significantly different in vitro and in vivo electrophysiologic, hemodynamic, and contractile effects on cardiovascular function, mediated through differential cardiac and vascular smooth muscle responses to calcium channel blockade. These differences have important implications regarding choice of agent in specific clinical conditions, such as sinus or atrioventricular nodal disease, depressed left ventricular function, or congestive heart failure--conditions that may coexist with angina or hypertension. Recognizing and utilizing the properties of the different calcium antagonists is important to ensure maximally effective clinical outcomes. For example, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and supraventricular arrhythmias, verapamil is singularly effective, whereas in post-myocardial infarction patients with pulmonary congestion, diltiazem may produce an added risk. Calcium antagonists of the dihydropyridine class, such as nifedipine and amlodipine, have the greatest peripheral vasoselective effects and thus the greatest potential to reduce afterload, minimizing direct left ventricular depression of contractility. Despite favorable effects of calcium antagonists, most of the agents currently available are not clearly safe in congestive heart failure and may adversely affect left ventricular function. However, newer calcium antagonists such as amlodipine are being investigated with regard to their safety in congestive heart failure.
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PMID:Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of first- and second-generation calcium antagonists. 831 Sep 74


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