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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both omega-3 and omega-6 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) are crucial to brain development and function, but omega-3 LC-PUFA in particular are often lacking in modern diets in developed countries. Increasing evidence, reviewed here, indicates that LC-PUFA deficiencies or imbalances are associated with childhood developmental and psychiatric disorders including ADHD, dyslexia, dyspraxia, and autistic spectrum disorders. These conditions show a high clinical overlap and run in the same families, as well as showing associations with various adult psychiatric disorders in which FA abnormalities are already implicated, such as depression, other mood disorders, and schizophrenia. Preliminary evidence from controlled trials also suggests that dietary supplementation with LC-PUFA might help in the management of these kinds of childhood behavioral and learning difficulties. Treatment with omega-3 FA appears most promising, but the few small studies published to date have involved different populations, study designs, treatments, and outcome measures. Large-scale studies are now needed to confirm the benefits reported. Further research is also required to assess the durability of such treatment effects, to determine optimal treatment compositions and dosages, and to develop reliable ways of identifying those individuals most likely to benefit from this kind of treatment. Childhood developmental and psychiatric disorders clearly reflect multifactorial influences, but the study of LC-PUFA and their metabolism could offer important new approaches to their early identification and management. Heterogeneity and comorbidity are such, however, that a focus on specific traits or symptoms may prove more fruitful than an exclusive reliance on current diagnostic categories.
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PMID:Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in childhood developmental and psychiatric disorders. 1573 18

Bipolar disorder is a chronic disease characterized by depressive, manic or hypomanic, and mixed episodes. Bipolar disorder may be confused with unipolar depression, because patients with bipolar disorder are usually symptomatic with depression rather than mania. Bipolar disorder may also be misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, since both disorders can present with psychotic symptoms. For children, the principal differential diagnostic consideration is ADHD. Making the correct diagnosis has important prognostic and treatment implications. Comorbidities with personality disorders, substance and alcohol abuse or dependence, and anxiety disorders complicate assessment, treatment, and recovery. Effective pharmacotherapy and maintenance monitoring are critical in order to minimize the risk of relapse and associated disability, morbidity, and mortality.
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PMID:The many faces of bipolar disorder. How to tell them apart. 1574 22

Altered motor activity is a frequently observed symptom in many psychiatric disorders. It is an important diagnostic parameter in mania, depression, ADHD and others. The method which allows measuring motor activity precisely and objectively is actometry. An actometer is a small, electronic device measuring body movements. This paper is a review of psychiatric research in which actometry was used: sleep disorders, ADHD, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, affective disorders and also in chronobiology and psychopharmacology. Methodology of actometric research and limitations of the method are discussed.
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PMID:[Application of actigraphy in psychiatry]. 1577 76

Sixty-six parents of adolescents (mean age, 14.8 years), who attended special education classes and who were diagnosed as having attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder/learning disabilities (ADHD/LD), were interviewed. The comorbidity of the ADHD group included emotional lability and/or depression, 70%; oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 67%; obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 44%; addiction to buying, 44%; and aggressiveness, 62%. Twenty-one percent were either involved in the past or presently using drugs. Nine percent had attempted suicide. According to their parents, the main characteristic of these adolescents was low self-image. Parents enumerated five negative characteristics: impulsiveness; nervousness; angered easily ('short fused'); aggressiveness with cursing and outbursts; and impaired sociability with impoliteness.
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PMID:Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder/learning disabilities (ADHD/LD): parental characterization and perception. 1579 57

The purpose of this study was to examine the severity of behavioral and emotional problems among adolescents with poor and typical single word reading ability (N = 188) recruited from public schools and followed for a median of 2.4 years. Youth and parents were repeatedly assessed to obtain information regarding the severity and course of symptoms (depression, anxiety, somatic complaints. aggression, delinquent behaviors, inattention), controlling for demographic variables and diagnosis or ADHD. After adjustment for demographic variables and ADHD, poor readers reported higher levels of depression, trait anxiety, and somatic complaints than typical readers, but there were no difference, in reported self-reported delinquent or aggressive behaviors. Parent reports indicated no difference, in depression, anxiety or aggression between the two groups but indicated more inattention, somatic complaints, and delinquent behaviors for the poor readers. School and health professionals should carefully assess youth with poor reading for behavioral and emotional symptoms and provide services when indicated.
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PMID:Severity of emotional and behavioral problems among poor and typical readers. 1583 98

Our study supports the reliability and validity of profile analysis in children with neurobiological disorders. Three mutually exclusive WISC-III profiles were identified that characterized the majority of children with autism (low coding or Freedom from Distractibility Index with low Comprehension), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability (low Coding or FDI without low comprehension), and brain injury (low Performance without low Coding or FDI). The profiles suggest attention, writing, and performance speed deficits in autism, ADHD, and LD; global visual-motor problems in brain injury; and specific difficulty with language comprehension and social reasoning in autism. Children with anxiety, depression, and behavior disorders did not exhibit distinct profiles. Our profile analysis is based on the simple rank ordering of standard scores. The profiles are clinically useful because they may alert clinicians to certain diagnostic possibilities, they reveal characteristic strengths and weaknesses that have implications for educational intervention, and they are consistent with preliminary WISC-IV data.
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PMID:Similarities and differences in Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Third Edition (WISC-III) profiles: support for subtest analysis in clinical referrals. 1584 57

Three types of individual drug abuse counseling were investigated in a private methadone clinic in order to replicate and extend previous work on node-link mapping techniques (two dimensional graphic approaches for visualizing problems and solutions). Standard counseling, enhanced counseling with free-form maps (f-maps), and enhanced counseling with both f-maps and guide-maps (g-maps) were compared at six and 12 months of treatment. Also assessed were differential effects of these counseling conditions on clients with low and high levels of behaviors related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; low-problem versus high-problem clients). Dependent variables included the number of scheduled sessions attended per month, counselor ratings of session characteristics (e.g., powerful, valuable), client psychological status ratings (i.e., self-esteem, depression, and anxiety) and treatment retention (i.e., the number of months clients remained in treatment). Findings replicate and extend prior work indicating the positive impact of using node-link maps in individual drug abuse counseling. Particular benefits were found for clients with high levels of ADHD-related problems.
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PMID:Node-link mapping in individual counseling: treatment impact on clients with ADHD-related behaviors. 1591 55

For children and adolescents with behavioral and emotional disorders and their families, education about their disorders and the treatments is an essential component of a comprehensive approach to their care. Education can encourage active participation in treatment, enhance adherence to treatment regimens, and provide patients and families with important coping skills. Thus, the Children's Medication Algorithm Project (CMAP) incorporated a psychoeducational program into the medication algorithm created to improve treatment of children with ADHD and/or depression in the Texas public mental health sector. This article describes the process by which a comprehensive educational program was developed in partnership with parents and advocates. The final program is described, as well as a pilot study to examine the feasibility of implementation in four community clinics.
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PMID:A psychoeducational program for children with ADHD or depression and their families: results from the CMAP feasibility study. 1593 52

Poor outcomes in ADHD may be related to problematic social functioning and consequences of social rejection. This study examines how ADHD symptom expression affects mood and social rejection. Working from findings in depression that describe maintenance through negative interpersonal interactions, the authors seek to examine this theory's applicability to poor outcomes in ADHD. In a completely randomized design, 130 participants are exposed to one of several videotape segments that include displays of ADHD, depression, and social anxiety. A normal control is also used. All abnormal videotapes are met with greater rejection than the control. Displays of ADHD elicit similar levels of rejection to those elicited by displays of depression. Additionally, ADHD elicits greater levels of hostile mood, whereas depression elicits high levels of depression and fatigue. Implications for an interpersonal theory of vulnerability in ADHD are discussed along with implications for future research, prevention, and intervention.
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PMID:Social rejection and ADHD in young adults: an analogue experiment. 1600 61

Although ADHD and depression are common comorbidities in youth, few studies have examined this particular clinical presentation. To address method bias limitations of previous research, this study uses multiple informants to compare the academic, social, and clinical functioning of children with ADHD, children with ADHD and depression, and children without ADHD, all derived from a large community sample. High levels of comorbid depression are found in children with ADHD. Children withADHDand depression are more depressed and anxious than their non-depressed ADHDcounterparts but do not have more extreme levels of ADHD or aggression. The association between depression and ADHD does not appear to be epiphenomenal, that is, related to a shared association with anxiety or externalizing symptoms. Finally, children with ADHD and depression display more impairment in social and academic functioning compared to controls. Although social impairment is greater in children with ADHD and depression than in children with only ADHD, conduct problems are not.
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PMID:Children with ADHD and depression: a multisource, multimethod assessment of clinical, social, and academic functioning. 1611 50


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