Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Long-lasting psychoemotional influence consisting of permanent stay of females with aggressive males separated with a perforated transparent partition in the same cage, and daily presence of females during intermale confrontations, is negative toward the females' behavior estimated in the some ethological tests. Elevated plus-maze and open field tests reveal an increased anxiety and inhibited exploratory behavior and motor activity. Within a month, the decreased females' reactions near the partition to both familiar and unfamiliar males testify to decreased communicativeness. In two months from the beginning, intermale confrontations become uninteresting for females too, as it was shown in the partition test. Abnormalities in the pain sensitivity estimated in the hot-plate test are found in females after the psychoemotional influence. More than half of all females have a prolonged diestrous stage of the estrous cycle. Moreover, after the psychoemotional influence females lose the capability to recognize intact female and male littermates as well as aggressive and submissive males. Taken together the results suggest that long-lasting psychoemotional influence can cause the anxiety-depression states in females.
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PMID:[Development of pathological behavior in C57BL/6J female mice under the long-lasting psychoemotional influence]. 1564

In order to elucidate the relationship between maternal behavior and depression, the Flinders sensitive line (FSL) model of depression was studied and compared to Sprague-Dawley (SD) controls. Immobility in the swim test was measured, as an index for depressive-like behavior, and frequencies of maternal and non-maternal behaviors were recorded using short un-intrusive observations in the home cage. Lactating FSL rats displayed higher levels of immobility in the swim test compared to controls, indicating depressive-like behavior. In addition, compared to SD rats, FSL dams showed less frequent pup licking and non-nutritive contact with pups during the first and third weeks of lactation. In the third postpartum week, FSL dams showed less frequent nursing postures and more frequent self-directed behaviors. Thus, lactating FSL dams exhibit both depressed-like behavior and some abnormalities in maternal behavior.
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PMID:Immobility in the swim test and observations of maternal behavior in lactating Flinders sensitive line rats. 1590 22

Recombinant human interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) induces depression, and neuroendocrine and neuroimmune activation, in a significant number of patients undergoing treatment for viral illnesses (e.g., hepatitis C), yet these effects have not been consistently reproduced in rodents. As such, we sought to determine the effects of acute or chronic IFN-alpha treatment on basic reward and immobility in the forced swim test (FST), neuroendocrine and neuroimmune activation, and monoamine turnover in brain. In the first experiment, male Wistar rats (N = 7/group) treated with human recombinant IFN-alpha (100,000 IU/kg, i.p.), as compared to saline, did not exhibit alterations to rate of sucrose pellet self-administration or total reinforcers obtained, corticosterone release, plasma IL-6 release, IL-1beta or IL-6 mRNA expression in hippocampus, or monoamine turnover in prefrontal cortex, striatum, nucleus accumbens, or amygdala. However, acute IFN-alpha decreased body weight and produced a trend toward reduced food consumption in the home cage 2 h after injection. In the second experiment, Wistar rats (N=4/group) were subjected to a chronic treatment regimen of saline or IFN-alpha (100,000 IU/kg, i.p.) once daily for 14 consecutive days. The data reveal that animals exposed to chronic IFN-alpha exhibited similar amounts of time immobile and similar latencies to primary immobility in the FST as compared to saline-treated controls. Chronic IFN-alpha did not induce corticosterone release, plasma TNF-alpha, or IL-6 release. Tissue monoamine analysis revealed that chronic IFN-alpha reduced DA levels in prefrontal cortex, and decreased 5-HT levels and increased 5-HT turnover in amygdala. In the third experiment, Wistar rats (N = 4/group) were exposed to either acute or chronic pegylated IFN-alpha (pegIFN-alpha: 3.25, 10 or 75 mg/kg, i.p.) at one of several time points from 1 h to 23 days. The data reveal that neither acute nor chronic pegIFN-alpha induced corticosterone release. Overall, the current report demonstrates that neither acute nor chronic IFN-alpha induced depressive-like behavior and neither IFN-alpha nor peg-IFN-alpha was capable of inducing neuroendocrine or neuroimmune activation. Despite the neurochemical alterations observed in the chronic treatment regimen, the data indicate that recombinant human IFN-alpha does not produce a robust model of depressive-like behavior in rodents.
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PMID:Recombinant human interferon-alpha does not alter reward behavior, or neuroimmune and neuroendocrine activation in rats. 1668 6

Craving phenomena are related to induction of substance-seeking behaviour by stimuli associated with the availability of the drug. We investigated the changes in monoamine metabolism in regions of the brains of rats that, following a period of training of cocaine self-administration, were either killed 2 h after the last session or underwent extinction trials, during which cocaine was withdrawn. During the training, acoustic and visual stimuli announced the availability of cocaine. After 10 d of daily extinction trials, rats were re-introduced into the cage, and a signal associated with cocaine availability was applied to half of the animals. The rats were immediately killed and concentrations of dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites in various brain areas, and the concentration of noradrenaline and MHPG in the brainstem were assessed to calculate their metabolism rate indices. In rats self-administering cocaine, the levels of metabolites of all three amines were depressed, indicating a depression of the activity of monoaminergic systems. In the period of extinction, the dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and striatum and the level of the noradrenaline metabolite, MHPG, in the brainstem were reduced, suggesting a long-lasting disturbance of the catecholaminergic system, while serotonin levels and metabolism returned to normal values. The presence of the signal associated with previous cocaine availability, which invariably caused the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviour annulled the changes observed in the group receiving no stimulus, bringing the concentration values of dopamine, and dopamine and noradrenaline metabolites to yoked-saline control rats. The results suggest that the stabilized self-administration of cocaine depresses the activity of all biogenic amine systems, and the changes in serotonin system are reversible, in contrast to those observed in catecholaminergic systems, which show the signs of a long-lasting impairment. The stimulus associated with cocaine availability activates the catecholaminergic system in animals after extinction procedure.
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PMID:Conditioned rewarding stimulus associated with cocaine self-administration reverses the depression of catecholamine brain systems following cocaine withdrawal in rats. 1594 93

This paper reviews progress made in testing the idea that depression-related behavioral changes can arise from hyperactivity of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons which consequently inhibits activity of mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmentum (VTA) via release of galanin from terminals on LC axons in VTA. Results from pre-clinical testing are described, including the most recent findings indicating that, in an animal model that shows long-lasting symptoms of depression, recovery to normal activity in the home cage is accelerated by infusion of a galanin receptor antagonist, galantide (M15), into VTA. Data are also described suggesting that all effective antidepressant treatments decrease activity of LC neurons.
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PMID:Testing the hypothesis that locus coeruleus hyperactivity produces depression-related changes via galanin. 1594 23

Various studies have reported an important association between depressive symptoms and alcohol abuse. However, the topic had not been investigated in Colombian students. This study focused on the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol abuse among high school students in Bucaramanga, Colombia. A self-reported anonymous questionnaire was answered by 560 15-19-year-olds. The survey included the Zung Self-Reported Depression Scale, CAGE Questionnaire for Alcohol Use, and VESPA questionnaire (Epidemiological Surveillance of Psychoactive Drugs). Logistic regression was used to establish associations. Prevalence was 5.7% for alcohol dependence and 39.5% for depressive symptoms. Associations were found between alcohol abuse and depressive symptoms (PR = 3.33; 95%CI: 1.41-7.83), poor self-perceived academic achievement (PR = 2.59; 95%CI: 1.16-5.37), and smoking (PR = 2.47; 95%CI: 1.13-5.40). The authors conclude that there is a strong association between depressive symptoms and alcohol abuse in Colombian high school students. Preventive programs are needed to identify early depressive disorders and alcohol abuse.
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PMID:[Association between depressive symptoms and alcohol abuse among students from Bucaramanga, Colombia]. 1615 45

Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of the HIV-1 variant. Adverse central nervous system side effects such as headache, dizziness, insomnia, fatigue, severe depression and suicidal ideation are noted in patients receiving efavirenz. In this study, the effects of efavirenz on changes in behaviour and on some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in Wistar rats were studied to assess whether efavirenz causes depressive symptoms via the cytokine network and, if so, whether antidepressant therapy known to attenuate the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines could prevent these changes. The efavirenz-treated rats displayed spatial memory deficits in the Morris water maze. These rats also appeared to be more susceptible to stress than the other groups as seen by an increase in the latency to emerge in the home cage emergence test following the stress of the Morris water maze. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha were also significantly higher in the efavirenz group. The antidepressant paroxetine reduced the susceptibility to stress and prevented such an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is concluded that efavirenz induces depressive-like behaviour in the rat and a susceptibility to stress, which are accompanied by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. These symptoms are partially alleviated by chronic treatment with paroxetine.
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PMID:Efavirenz induces depressive-like behaviour, increased stress response and changes in the immune response in rats. 1616 8

Central serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is involved in the aetiology of numerous disease states, including depression and anxiety disorders. Studies have shown that exposure of rats to animal tests of anxiety increases extracellular 5-HT in the cortex or hippocampus determined by in vivo microdialysis. To discriminate whether this increase is caused by the aversive conditions of an animal test for anxiety or by an unconditioned stressor evoking mainly arousal, the present study investigates the effects of an unconditioned acoustic stimulus and exposure to the elevated plus maze (X-maze), respectively, on the release of 5-HT in the ventral hippocampus compared with hippocampal 5-HT release in the home cage and in a non-aversive unfamiliar environment in freely moving rats. Our results showed a distinct pattern of 5-HT release in the ventral hippocampus depending on the stimulus used. Exposure to the X-maze for 20 min was accompanied by an 'anxious' behaviour in the rats and increased extracellular 5-HT to 165% of basal release, whereas exposure to a less aversive 'deactivated' plus maze (115+/-6%) or to white noise for 20 min in the familiar surroundings of the home cage (98+/-6%) did not change hippocampal 5-HT release significantly, despite similar behavioural activation indicated by increased locomotor activity. While both the X-maze and white noise may model anxiety and stress to a certain extent, it seems that the X-maze is more aversive. The results suggest a close relationship between anxiety-related behaviour, but not arousal/non-specific behavioural activation, and 5-HT release in the ventral hippocampus.
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PMID:Anxiety but not arousal increases 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the rat ventral hippocampus in vivo. 1617 61

The serotonergic system is involved in depression, anxiety and alcoholism. The rewarding properties of ethanol, mainly its anxiolytic and stimulant effects, as well as the development of dependence on ethanol have been related to the serotonergic system. Consequently, the use of selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) has been proposed in the treatment of alcoholism. In this study we investigated whether acute administration of the SSRIs fluoxetine or paroxetine is able to (i) reverse the behavioral effects induced by chronic ethanol consumption, and conversely, (ii) to determine whether acute ethanol is able to substitute for the chronically induced behavioral effects of fluoxetine or paroxetine. Four groups of male Swiss mice (n=60/group) received daily i.p. saline, ethanol (2 g/kg), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or paroxetine (5 mg/kg) for 27 days. On the 28th day, each group was challenged with saline, ethanol, fluoxetine or paroxetine. The 14 groups (SS, SE, SP, SF, EE, ES, EP, EF, PP, PE, PS, FF, FE, and FS) were then tested in open field, activity cage and plus-maze. EP and EF groups were able to reverse the behavioral sensitization to the psychomotor stimulant effects of chronic ethanol administration. In contrast, a sensitized stimulatory effect was observed in chronically fluoxetine- or paroxetine treated mice challenged with ethanol (PE and FE). An anxiolytic effect was observed whether ethanol was substituted for SSRI or, conversely, SSRI was substituted for ethanol. SSRIs facilitated ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization, although SSRIs by themselves are unable to produce the locomotor stimulation similar to that induced by ethanol. Finally, SSRIs are unable to interfere in the ethanol anxiolytic effect.
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PMID:Influence of fluoxetine and paroxetine in behavioral sensitization induced by ethanol in mice. 1621 42

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been proposed as a treatment for depression and anxiety disorders. While the antidepressant effect has been modelled in animals, there have been few attempts to examine a possible anxiolytic effect of repetitive TMS (rTMS) in animal models. We administered 18 days of rTMS to male Sprague-Dawley rats. On days 10 through 18, rats were tested in several anxiety models (social interaction, emergence, elevated plus-maze, and predator odor avoidance) and in the forced swim test. No group differences were apparent on any of the anxiety models, while TMS produced an antidepressant effect in the forced swim test. Interestingly, on day 1 of the forced swim test, the home cage control group displayed increased swimming behaviour compared with sham-treated animals, suggesting an observable level of stress may have accompanied sham treatment. The results from the forced swim test suggested that TMS had modest antidepressant properties, but it did not show anxiolytic properties in the models examined. The study also suggested that stress associated with handling should be taken into account in the interpretation of TMS studies in animals.
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PMID:Chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is antidepressant but not anxiolytic in rat models of anxiety and depression. 1622 28


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