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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rat has been proposed as an animal model of depression. The following behavioural changes have been observed following bilateral olfactory bulbectomy: hyperactivity in an enclosed arena, such as the open-field; enhanced nocturnal hyperactivity in a 24-hr home cage activity monitor; deficits in memory, as shown by passive avoidance behaviour and in the Morris maze and the 8-arm radial maze; increased open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze; and changes in food motivated and conditioned taste aversion behaviour. Alterations in the noradrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems are also associated with olfactory bulbectomy. The variety of immune changes following olfactory bulbectomy includes reduced neutrophil phagocytosis, lymphocyte mitogenesis, lymphocyte number and negative acute phase proteins, increased leucocyte adhesiveness/aggregation, monocyte phagocytosis, neutrophil number and positive acute phase proteins. An enhanced nocturnal secretion of corticosterone is observed in OB rats, which is normally suppressed by dexamethasone. The most commonly employed behavioural indicator of antidepressant activity is attenuation of the OB-related hyperactivity in the open-field. However, many of the other behavioural, neurotransmitter and immune changes have been shown to be attenuated by chronic (but not acute) antidepressant treatment. Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, desipramine), atypical agents (mianserin), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine), reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (moclobemide), as well as putative antidepressants such as 5-hydroxytryptamine1A agonists (zalospirone, ipsapirone), noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists (MK-801) and triazolobenzodiazepines (alprazolam, adinazolam), have demonstrated antidepressant-like activity in this model. As many of the changes exhibited by the OB rat are qualitatively similar to those observed in depressed patients, it may be concluded that the OB rat is a model of depression and not just a means whereby putative antidepressants may be tested.
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PMID:The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression: an update. 935 86

Jim Henry demonstrated an animal's society can induce an increase in blood pressure and its cardiovascular sequale. He recognized that the stress required to elevate blood pressure was a function of the genetically determined behavioral traits of the mice used. He termed some strains aggressive, others peaceable. Being highly inbred (indeed isogenic strains) it was intriguing to find that the behavior of these genetically identical individuals could differ markedly once placed in a society that decreased territory. A dominant or "king" mouse emerged. Other non-dominant males were aggressive and striving to be king. Adrenal medullary systems were activated and renins high. Others huddled in one cage and appeared to have given up. Jim called them depressed. Their adrenal cortex was hyperplastic suggesting pituitary adrenal axis activation as in depression, their renin was low and corticosterone high. In rats, careful selection of a strain genetically aggressive had to be combined with titration of societal stress to reliably induce hypertension. Its likely that humans retain some, if not all, of these variations, i.e. some respond to stress with an increase in blood pressure and others do not, some respond via the sympathetic pathway and others by adrenal cortical activation. The suggestion that African American's high blood pressures is due to stress is relevant to the Henry paradigm and the known genetic influences on sodium retention in blacks. The integration of this paradigm with the genetically increased sensitivity to the blood pressure raising effects of dietary sodium in blacks is proposed and discussed.
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PMID:Stress hypertension: the "wrong" genes in the "wrong" environment. 940 24

The objective of this paper is to study the prevalence and clinical characteristics of functional, hypochondriacal, and presenting somatization (FSTS, HSTS, and PSTS, respectively) defined by standardized criteria, as well as the validity of their distinction in primary care in Spain. A two-stage epidemiological study of a representative sample (N = 1559) of primary care patients was carried out. In the first phase, the validated Spanish versions of General Health Questionnaire, Mini-Mental State Examination, and CAGE were used. In the second phase, the Standardized Polyvalent Psychiatric Interview, an interview for the multiaxial assessment of medical patients, was employed. The prevalence of any form of somatization in Spain was 21.3% (FSTS: 16.2%, PSTS: 9.4%, HSTS: 6.7%). Overlap of any of the three clinical forms was very frequent (42.7%). FSTS patients tended to be more chronic and showed higher scores in fatigue but lower scores in both depression and anxiety. Chronicity was frequent among somatizers, particularly in those who fulfilled more than one kind of somatization. Differences in diagnostic distribution among the three groups were also observed. In conclusion, this is the first study giving support to the validity of the distinction among three types of somatization in Spain, but overlap was more frequent than reported in North American studies.
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PMID:Three forms of somatization presenting in primary care settings in Spain. 974 61

Overweight is often mentioned in causal relationship with various psychological problems and a lack of self-control. 438 randomly chosen subjects (selected from electoral registers or by random walk method)--men and women from Prague and the countryside--were divided according to their body weight into two groups, one with BMI equal or lower that 25, the other one with BMI higher than 25. 92.2 per cent of the subjects were overweight, 8 per cent had BMI higher than 30. Comparison of the two groups with lower and higher body weight based on a self-report questionnaire (GHQ, CAGE and some other items) showed differences between men and women. In men, with growing body weight the self-control in food intake decreased and problems related to lack of self-control increased significantly (smoking, problems with alcohol). On the contrary, women with overweight reported higher self-control in food intake (dieting) and had less problems with alcohol. The relationship between psychological problems (depression, anxiety) and overweight was not unequivocally proved. Men with higher body weight reported significantly less somatic problems in the GHQ. They also suffered comparatively less from depression and anxiety. The overweight women showed slightly more anxiety and significantly higher social dysfunction than women with normal body weight.
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PMID:The relationship between overweight and psychological problems in adult Czech population. 1035 30

This study evaluated the role of personality in the short-term outcome of alcohol/substance-use disorder patients. Detoxifying alcohol/substance-use disorder patients were administered the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST), the CAGE Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). These patients were subsequently evaluated over a 1-month period for relapse and attendance at self-help group meetings. High TPQ Persistence scale scores predicted abstinence. When the Thinking and Feeling groups were considered separately, and when these two groups were combined into a single group, high scores for the individual groups and the combined group (i.e. Thinking and Feeling types together) predicted abstinence. High TPQ Persistence scale scores and low Shyness with Strangers and Fear of Uncertainty subscale scores predicted attendance at self-help group meetings. High MBTI Extroversion and high MBTI Thinking scores also predicted attendance at self-help group meetings. When the Extroverted and Introverted types and the Thinking and Feeling types respectively were combined, as with abstinence, high scores predicted attendance at self-help group meetings. Age, gender, CAGE, MAST, and BDI scores did not predict outcome. The above information suggests that specific personality variables may predict abstinence and attendance at self-help group meetings in recently detoxified alcoholics, and this may have prognostic and therapeutic significance.
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PMID:Personality and alcohol/substance-use disorder patient relapse and attendance at self-help group meetings. 1041 12

Rigorous experimental design can minimize the high risk of false positives and false negatives in the behavioral phenotyping of a new transgenic or knockout mouse. Use of well established, quantitative, reproducible behavioral tasks, appropriate Ns, correct statistical methods, consideration of background genes contributed by the parental strains, and attention to litter and gender issues, will maximize meaningful comparisons of -/-, +/-, and +/+ genotypes. Strategies developed and used by our laboratory are described in this review. Preliminary observations evaluate general health and neurological reflexes. Sensory abilities and motor functions are extensively quantitated. Specific tests include observations of home cage behaviors, body weight, body temperature, appearance of the fur and whiskers, righting reflex, acoustic startle, eye blink, pupil constriction, vibrissae reflex, pinna reflex, Digiscan open field locomotion, rotarod motor coordination, hanging wire, footprint pathway, visual cliff, auditory threshold, pain threshold, and olfactory acuity. Hypothesis testing then focuses on at least three well-validated tasks within each relevant behavioral domain. Specific tests for mice are described herein for the domains of learning and memory, feeding, nociception, and behaviors relevant to discrete symptoms of human anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. An example of our approach is illustrated in the behavioral phenotyping of C/EBPdelta knockout mice, which appear to be normal on general health, neurological reflexes, sensory and motor tasks, and the Morris water task, but show remarkably enhanced performance on contextual fear conditioning.
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PMID:Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice: experimental design and evaluation of general health, sensory functions, motor abilities, and specific behavioral tests. 1044 92

The time course of changes in breathing pattern in opioid-induced respiratory depression was characterised for two opioids. Intravenous morphine (0.039 mg.kg-1 bolus + 0.215 mg.kg-1.h-1 infusion) and oxycodone (0.05 mg.kg-1 bolus + 0.275 mg.kg-1.h-1 infusion) were administered to six healthy male volunteers for 2 h in a random, double-blind and cross-over fashion. Monitoring included pulse oximetry and noninvasive respiratory-inductive plethysmography for the measurement of breathing pattern. The total amounts of drugs given were 35.1 (0.0) mg [mean (SD)] morphine and 41.3 (8.0) mg oxycodone. Four of the six oxycodone infusions had to be stopped at 99 (14) min because of respiratory depression as judged by pulse oximetry. No morphine infusions were stopped. The first changes in breathing pattern were a decrease in respiratory rate and an increase in the contribution of the rib cage to tidal volume, while the compensatory increase in tidal volume became evident later. A decrease in minute ventilation and inspiratory duty cycle were also found.
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PMID:Time course of changes in breathing pattern in morphine- and oxycodone-induced respiratory depression. 1068 Dec 77

Social defeat by aggressive Tryon Maze Dull (TMD) rats, resulting in loss of rank of a previously dominant rat, has recently been advanced as a model of loss of self-esteem in humans. Since low self-esteem is a major symptom of depression, a further claim has been made that loss of rank can be used as a model of depression. In support of this claim, it has been suggested that loss of rank can be reversed by the antidepressant imipramine. However, antidepressant treatment has not yet been shown to reverse the effects of defeat for more than a single test session. Consequently, the present study was designed to more fully assess the effects of antidepressant treatment on the behaviour of defeated animals. Six pairs of male Lister Hooded (LH) rats were observed biweekly for 30 min at the onset of the dark phase of the light-dark cycle. In five of the six pairs, a stable social hierarchy (assessed by the observation of aggressive behaviours such as attacks and pushes, and submissive behaviours such as submissive posture) was established over a period of 10 weeks. The dominant animals of these five pairs were defeated once a week, in the home cage, by a singly housed male TMD for a period of 15 min. After 5 weeks of defeat by TMD, all five of the dominant animals showed an effect of defeat on behaviours relevant to status, although a reversal in status within the LH pairs was apparent in only one case. All defeated animals, regardless of whether or not defeat affected status, received daily injections of imipramine (5 mg/kg) for 5 weeks. Imipramine markedly worsened behaviours relevant to status in the treated animals. Indeed, animals treated with imipramine were more likely to lose encounters with their cage-mates. Consequently, the results cast doubt on the validity of social defeat as a model of depression, at least when the effects of defeat are assessed in terms of social status.
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PMID:A re-evaluation of social defeat as an animal model of depression. 1047 15

The present study was designed to assess the utility of sucrose intake and intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) as hedonic measures for chronic mild stress (CMS) induced behavioural deficits. Wistar and PVG hooded rats were exposed to a variety of mild stressors, e.g. periods of food and/or water deprivation, soiled cage, light/dark reversal, confinement to small cages and pairing, during 6-9 weeks. The intake of 1% sucrose solution was significantly reduced in stressed PVG hooded rats compared to control animals. The sucrose intake in stressed Wistar rats remained unaltered, indicating that CMS-induced decreases in sucrose intake are strain dependent. However, sucrose intake has in our experience been shown to be unreliable as the observed decreases following CMS were inconsistent over time. ICSS behaviour was evaluated from rate/frequency functions by determining the frequency that supported 50% of maximal response rate. Neither the Wistar nor the PVG hooded rats showed an overall decrease in ICSS behaviour following CMS. However, the ICSS measures revealed interindividual differences in both rat strains. In the stress groups a subgroup (14 +/- 2.4%) of rats progressively exhibited an attenuated ICSS behaviour. These findings may reflect the interindividual variability observed in humans as stress does not invariably lead to depression. The model may in its present form be used to study the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. However, the utility of the CMS model to study antidepressant drug actions has to be questioned. Our results show there is a need for rat strains in which there is a greater sensitivity for detecting stress effects. It emphasises the fact that replication of CMS-induced decreases in ICSS behaviour can be as problematic as inducing decreases in sucrose intake.
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PMID:Intracranial self-stimulation and sucrose intake differ as hedonic measures following chronic mild stress: interstrain and interindividual differences. 1062 27

Chronic mild unpredictable stress, which reduces rewarded behaviour in rats, is becoming increasingly popular as an animal model of depression. The effect of chronic mild stress (applied to animals housed five per cage for 15 days) on forced swimming and open field behaviour, and on beta-adrenoceptor binding was studied in naive rats and after the denervation of the locus coeruleus projections by DSP-4 (50 mg kg(-1)) treatment. In the forced swimming test, chronic mild stress reduced the immobility time on the second day of testing in both vehicle- and DSP-4-treated rats, indicating rather an antidepressant-like effect. This antidepressant-like effect of chronic mild stress in the forced swimming test was not present in individually housed rats which suggests that this paradigm is sensitive to housing conditions. Stress had no clear effect on the open field locomotion in naive animals (but caused a reduction in defecations), but completely blocked the DSP-4-induced decrease in the exploratory activity. As measured by 3H-dihydroalprenolol binding, DSP-4 treatment increased the beta-adrenoceptor affinity in the frontal cortex and the number of binding sites in the hippocampus and in the cerebral cortex (total-frontal cortex). Stress had no effect on the beta-adrenoceptor binding in the frontal cortex and cerebral cortex, but prevented the increase in affinity caused by DSP-4 treatment in the frontal cortex. In the hippocampus, chronic mild stress and DSP-4 treatment increased the number of beta-adrenoceptor binding sites. Neither chronic mild stress nor DSP-4 treatment had any effect on CCK(B) receptor binding in the cerebral cortex and striatum. These results show that chronic mild stress applied to group-housed rats can prevent the development of certain behavioural and biochemical changes caused by the denervation of the locus coeruleus projection areas.
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PMID:Chronic mild unpredictable stress after noradrenergic denervation: attenuation of behavioural and biochemical effects of DSP-4 treatment. 1064 90


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