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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of toe-clipping and bird density on laying hen performance. Toe-clipping was done on day-old chicks by removal of the digital claws from the front toes. Toe-clipped (TC) and intact (IN) pullets were assigned randomly to laying cages (Experiments 1 and 2, 19 weeks of age) or housed in similar body weight groups (Experiment 3, 18 weeks of age) at caging densities of either 4 (465 cm2/hen) or 5 (372 cm2/hen) hens per cage. Experiment 3 body weight groups were: heavy (greater than or equal to 1475 g), medium (greater than or equal to 1375 g, but less than 1475 g), light (greater than or equal to 1275 g, but less than 1375 g), and extra light (less than 1275 g). Body weights were determined at various ages during the grow-out and egg-laying periods. Beginning at 22 weeks of age, average daily egg weight, feed consumption, feed conversion, hen-day egg production, and mortality measures were made for 12 periods of lay of 28 days each. In Experiments 1 and 2, IN pullets were consistently heavier throughout the grow-out period and consumed significantly more feed during the egg laying period than TC birds. Significantly greater average daily egg weights were found in IN than in TC hens in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. Increasing the number of hens from 4 to 5 hens per cage resulted in a significant reduction in feed intake and body weight gain in Experiments 1, 2, and 3. In Experiment 1, mean daily egg weight was significantly increased (.11 g) upon crowding. In Experiment 2, crowding elevated mortality. In Experiments 1 and 2, but not 3, a significant toe treatment by bird density interaction was observed for hen-day egg production. The IN birds had lowered hen-day egg production rates when crowded than when they were afforded more space, whereas hen-day egg production was elevated in crowded TC hens when compared to TC hens housed at the less crowded density. In Experiment 3, an initial (4 weeks of age) significant depression in pullet body weight was found in the TC pullets but disappeared by the 8th week. Feed usage was also significantly greater in IN than in TC hens in Experiment 3. Toe treatment did not affect any other hen performance variable measured. Egg weight, feed intake, and feed conversion measures varied by body weight groups. In general, the heavier hens consumed more feed and laid heavier eggs, but they were less efficient in converting feed into eggs.
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PMID:Influence of toe-clipping and stocking density on laying hen performance. 648 37

Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses to separation were examined in 4-month-old rhesus monkeys. Infants were removed from their social group under 3 counterbalanced conditions: (1) infant totally isolated from its familiar physical and social environment and placed alone in a cage for 4 days; (2) "mother in"--housing the infant in a single cage in front of its social group with mother remaining in the group; (3) "mother out"--similar situation, except that mother was removed from the group during separation. Infant behavior was recorded, and, at selected times during separation, a blood sample was obtained for analysis of plasma cortisol. Infants rarely vocalized when totally isolated, but showed high vocalization and movement in the presence of their social groups. Vocalization was transiently higher in mother-out condition than in mother-in condition. Infants never showed signs of depression. Plasma cortisol response did not differentiate between groups. Animals showed significantly high levels of plasma cortisol 3 hours following separation. These data indicate that the responses of the infant following separation are attempts to produce effective coping responses. The concepts of "protest" and "despair" are discussed as they relate to behavioral differences observed following different separation paradigms.
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PMID:Influence of social variables on the biobehavioral response to separation in rhesus monkey infants. 654 60

From 109 egg masses of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) artificially incubated in the summer of 1981, the fry hatched from 6 egg masses showed some forms of tail abnormality. The morphological deviations from normal fish were classified as tailless, partially-tailed, and triple-tailed (three-lobed). Relative frequencies of these phenotypes varied within and among full-sib families. Absence or partial absence of caudal fin was associated with spine structure abnormalities and severe growth depression. Triple-tailed fish were comparable in tank growth to normally-tailed fish but were superior in cage growth. An association between low hatchability scores and caudal fin abnormality was observed which should be taken into consideration in any breeding program. Differences in body pigmentation was associated with differences in growth of tailless and partially-tailed catfish. Normally pigmented tailless were comparable in body weight to partially-tailed fish. Tailless albinos were, however, inferior in body weight and total length to partially-tailed albinos. Normally pigmented fish were consistently superior to abnormally-tailed fish, regardless of skin pigmentation.
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PMID:Caudal fin abnormality and growth and survival of channel catfish. 666 93

Narcotic withdrawal is often accompanied by an atypical depression with responds to resumption of narcotics. We hypothesized that methadone might exert its antidepressant effects through monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition. The current study examined 3H-methadone distribution in rat brain and effects on regional MAO activity with acute doses (2.5 mg/kg) which approximate those found during chronic methadone maintenance in man. Limbic areas (amygdala, basomedial hypothalamus, caudate-putamen, hippocampus, preoptic nucleus), as well as pituitary and liver were assayed for MAO activity and methadone concentration. MAO activities did not differ significantly in acute methadone or saline-treated cage-mates at 1 or 24 hr. The concentrations of methadone at 1 hr ranged between 17 and 223 ng/100 mg wet wt tissue in the preoptic nucleus and pituitary, respectively. No significant correlation was found between change in MAO activity (MAO methadone/MAO saline) and methadone concentration in any region at 1 or 24 hr. This study does not support the hypothesis that methadone acts as an antidepressant through MAO inhibition, at least not following acute administration of this exogenous opioid.
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PMID:Methadone, monoamine oxidase, and depression: opioid distribution and acute effects on enzyme activity. 668 34

The rate of adaptation to a competitive laboratory environment and the associated inbreeding depression in measures of reproductive fitness have been observed in populations of Drosophila melanogaster with mean effective breeding size of the order of 50 individuals. Two large wild-derived populations and a long-established laboratory cage population were used as base stocks, from which subpopulations were extracted and slowly inbred under crowded conditions over a period of 210 generations. Comparisons have been made of the competitive ability and reproductive fitness of these subpopulations, the panmictic populations produced from them by hybridization and random mating and the wild- or cage-base populations from which they were derived. After an average of approximately 180 generations in the laboratory, the wild-derived panmictic populations exceeded the resampled natural populations by 75% in fitness under competitive conditions. The cage-derived panmictic population, after a total of 17 years in the laboratory, showed a 90% superiority in competitive ability over the corresponding wild population. In the inbred lines derived from the wild-base stocks, the average rate of adaptation was estimated to be 0.33 +/- 0.06% per generation. However, the gain in competitive ability was more than offset by inbreeding depression at an initial rate of approximately 2% per generation. The effects of both adaptation and inbreeding on reproductive ability in a noncompetitive environment were found to be minor by comparison. The maintenance of captive populations under noncompetitive conditions can therefore be expected to minimize adaptive changes due to natural selection in the changed environment.
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PMID:Genetic adaptation to captivity and inbreeding depression in small laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster. 770 28

The rate of decline in reproductive fitness in populations of Drosophila melanogaster inbred at an initial rate of approximately 1% per generation has been investigated under both competitive and noncompetitive conditions. Breeding population size was variable in the inbred lines with an estimated harmonic mean of 66.7 +/- 2.2. Of the 60 lines maintained without reserves, 75% survived a period of 210 generations of slow inbreeding and were then rapidly inbred by full-sib mating to near-homozygosity. The initial rate of inbreeding was estimated to be 0.96 +/- 0.16% per generation, corresponding to an effective population size of approximately 50. However, the rate of inbreeding declined significantly with time to average only 0.52 +/- 0.08% per generation over the 210 generation period, most likely due to associative overdominance built up by genetic sampling and selection in the small populations. The total inbreeding depression in fitness was estimated to be 87 +/- 3% for competitive ability and 27 +/- 5% for fitness under uncrowded conditions, corresponding to rates of decline of 2.0 +/- 0.3 and 0.32 +/- 0.07%, respectively, per 1% increase in the inbreeding coefficient. The frequency of lethal second chromosomes in the resultant near-homozygous lines was of the order of 5%, lethal free second chromosomes showed a mean viability under both crowded and uncrowded conditions of approximately 95%, and their population cage fitness was 60% that of Cy/+ heterozygotes. It can be concluded that homozygous genotypes from which deleterious genes of major effect have been eliminated during slow inbreeding may show far less depression in reproductive fitness than suggested by earlier studies of wild chromosome homozygotes. The loss in fitness due to homozygosity throughout the entire genome may be as little as 85-90% under competitive conditions, and 25-30% in an optimal environment.
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PMID:Reduced genetic load revealed by slow inbreeding in Drosophila melanogaster. 770 30

Removal of the pups results in an abrupt and marked depression in plasma prolactin (PRL) level of the lactating mother. The present studies were undertaken to investigate what kind of sensory input (smell, sound, visual, touch etc.) from the pups is essential for the mother to avoid the pituitary PRL response to pup-removal. Therefore, various partial separations were made and their effect on plasma PRL levels tested: a. The pups were placed into a small glass having holes on its cover; b. they were put into a long measuring tube not covered; c. the pups were placed into the feeding trough made of a wireframe; d. a dividing wall made of glass or metal was slowly let down when the mother spontaneously went away from her pups; e. the nipples were covered by a cotton plaster. Pituitary PRL responses were almost identical after all these separations and similar to that one obtained after removal of the pups from the cage. In addition, separation of the mother resulted in a rise in plasma corticosterone concentrations. The findings suggest that the pup-removal induced inhibition of PRL secretion is a very complex event for the mother and cannot be prevented by partial separations when the mother can see, smell her pups, or hear them or even can touch them with her nose. We assume that separation of the pups is a stress for the mother and cannot simply be due to the lack of just one kind of sensory input from the pups. This assumption is in line with our recent observations indicating that in lactating rat stress causes a decrease in plasma PRL level.
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PMID:Effect of various partial separations of the litters from their mother on plasma prolactin levels of lactating rats. 772 15

Three 27-month-old infant gorillas living with their mothers and a silverbacked male were separated to a cage for 24 weeks. The infants initially showed threat responses and increased locomotion, characteristic of the protest stage of anaclitic depression in children. Within several days, these were replaced by dorso-ventral contact among the infants as well as self-holding and fetal positioning. Additionally, social and solitary play and object examination occurred at lower levels through separation than in the pre-separation condition. These changes were characteristic of the despair stage of separation. There was a substantial recovery of many infant nonsocial and social behaviors in the later months of the separation. Upon reunion, the infants did not immediately engage in attachment behaviors with their mothers, and spent more time in contact with each other than with their mothers for the first several days, indicating detachment. Following this, there was an increase in mother-infant attachment behaviors.
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PMID:Separation and depression in infant gorillas. 784 98

Some of the changes reported in the ECG of parturients undergoing Caesarean section are suggestive of myocardial ischaemia. This study determined serum CK total and the isoenzyme CK-MB levels in 21 patients during and after Caesarean section under epidural anaesthesia. Twenty patients complained of chest pain, discomfort and pressure, while 12 had ST segmental depression. Although the total CK activity in ten patients was elevated, CK-MB activity in all patients was negative. The electrocardiographic changes were rate-related and occurred at the time pressure was placed upon the upper abdomen and lower thoracic cage by the surgeon to facilitate Caesarean delivery. The data from this study demonstrate that no myocardial injury as measured by CK-MB activity occurs in parturients undergoing Caesarean delivery despite the complaint of chest pain, discomfort and pressure, and ST changes in the ECG.
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PMID:Cardiac enzymes in patients undergoing caesarean section. 788 84

Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, reliably reverses midazolam-induced sedation, but its effect on respiratory depression has not been clarified completely. Ten healthy male volunteers received midazolam 0.1 mg.kg-1. Then they received flumazenil 0.5 mg (n = 9) and 1.0 mg (n = 1), intravenously. Rib-cage (RC) and abdominal wall (ABD) movement was measured by mercury-in-silastic strain gauge. Nasal air flow (FLOW), genioglossal electromyogram (EMG) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) were recorded simultaneously. Midazolam caused significant increases of RC movement and respiratory rate, and decreases of ABD movement, FLOW, EMG and SaO2. After administration of flumazenil, although respiratory rate returned to the pre-midazolam values, RC movement decreased on the contrary. ABD movement, FLOW, EMG, SaO2 did not recover to the pre-midazolam values. These data suggest that flumazenil 0.5 mg reverses midazolam-induced sedation completely, but is partially effective for some parameters related to respiratory depression.
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PMID:[Flumazenil antagonism of midazolam-induced respiratory depression]. 801 61


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