Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina were administered orally to cage-housed broilers at a dose of 3.5 X 10(5) resulted in mild subclinical coccidiosis. Clostridium perfringens incorporated in feed at a level of 2.5 X 10(8) organisms/g. produced lesions characteristic of necrotic enteritis. Mortality of 8% (7/80) occurred in birds fed a ration inoculated with Cl. perfringens alone. Mortality of 35% (28/80) was observed in birds which received an oral dose of E. acervulina and which were fed simultaneously with a ration containing Cl. perfringens. Birds which were fed an inoculated ration two days after an oral dose of E. acervulina showed 41% (33/80) mortality. Birds which received an inoculated ration for two days before administration of an oral dose of E. acervulina demonstrated 18% mortality (15/80). Birds which were fed an inoculated ration four days after an oral dose of E. acervulina showed 10% mortality. Infection with E. acervulina reduced the pH of intestinal contents with a simultaneous depression in serum protein. A 39% increase in intestinal passage time from 178 to 248 minutes occurred on the fifth day after infection with E. acervulina. These experiments suggest that necrotic enteritis, attributed to proliferation of a toxigenic strain of Cl. perfringens, followed intestinal stasis and minimal lesions induced by mild intestinal coccidiosis.
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PMID:Etiology and pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis. 286 8

Spontaneous and drug-induced (haloperidol, apomorphine, and amphetamine) motor activity of rats was measured simultaneously via two distinct and independent methods: the classical optical scanning technique and a new procedure based on the piezo-electric principle. The latter procedure measured animal-induced mechanical vibrations of a flexible cage floor which were transduced into electric signals via piezo-electricity. The piezo method appeared to be relatively more sensitive in recording the small, stereotyped motor movements induced by apomorphine (0.63- greater than or equal to 10 mg/kg) and high doses of amphetamine (2.5- greater than or equal to 20 mg/kg). The optical scanning technique, on the other hand, was more sensitive in recording horizontal displacements across the cage such as induced by low doses of amphetamine (0.31-2.5 mg/kg). Both methods showed comparable sensitivity in recording the depression of behaviour induced by haloperidol (0.04- greater than or equal to 1.25 mg/kg) or low doses of apomorphine (0.04-0.16 mg/kg). The piezo method may complement the optical scanning procedure, and thereby enhance the information on the extent that test compounds modify animal behaviour.
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PMID:Behavioral activity of rats measured by a new method based on the piezo-electric principle. 312 68

Rats were chronically administered either haloperidol (HAL) or fluphenazine (FLU) via depot injections for 8 months, given these same drugs in their drinking water for the next 2 months, and then withdrawn from the drugs. Throughout the experiment the animals were tested repeatedly in an enclosed tube using a computerized device which measured computer-scored movelets (CSMs) and, in the latter half of the experiment, were also scored by a human observer in the tube, as well as in an open cage, for observed oral movements (OMs). In the tube, the animals in both neuroleptic-treated groups showed initial decreases in the number of CSMs and made sluggish CSMs; these effects were generally larger in the FLU animals. After 6 months of chronic neuroleptics, the HAL-treated animals showed increased oral movements, both as reported by the human observer and in CSMs of all amplitudes, and this effect increased upon drug withdrawal. FLU-treated animals showed a more persistent depression of both OMs and CSMs of large amplitudes. However, the behavior most characteristic of both neuroleptic-treated groups was the gradual development of increases in CSMs of the smallest amplitudes measurable. A different pattern was observed in the open cage test, where both neuroleptic groups showed significant increases in vacuous OMs during drug administration which rapidly became attenuated upon drug withdrawal. These results indicate a complex syndrome of oral activity in the drugged animals which changed over time. The measure of oral activity which most clearly showed the time-course for late-onset changes in oral activity was CSMs of the smallest amplitudes.
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PMID:Characteristics of oral movements in rats during and after chronic haloperidol and fluphenazine administration. 312 20

Mice bearing the S-180 sarcoma displayed a depression of liver catalase and cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes (ethoxycoumarin deethylase, ED) from day 6 following tumor implantation. Injection of serum obtained from tumor-bearing mice into normal mice caused depression of liver ED suggesting that a circulating factor was involved. Tumor-bearing mice did not show any significant change in serum triglycerides and food intake. By contrast, injection of endotoxin, interleukin-1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) caused not only a depression in liver ED but also a marked increase in serum triglycerides. To study the possible analogies between cancer-associated circulating factor and monokines, we studied the effect of dexamethasone (a known inhibitor of monokine synthesis) on liver ED activity in tumor-bearing mice. Dexamethasone (DEX) treatment increased (up to 60%) liver ED activity in tumor-bearing mice. We conclude that: (i) a circulating factor is involved in cancer-associated ED depression; (ii) that this mediator is not necessarily identical to TNF or IL-1 and (iii) that DEX reverses the depression of liver ED in cancer, possibly by inhibiting the synthesis, or the effects, of this factor.
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PMID:Depression of liver drug metabolism in sarcoma-bearing mice. Evidence for a circulating factor and dissociation from lipolytic activity. 326 84

Injection of 0.08 microgram/kg of CCK-8 into the anterior cerebral ventricles of the rat produced a significant depression in the rat's motivation for food for at least one-half hour, as measured by running speed to food rewards in a runway and by food intake in a test-meal in the rat's home cage. Doses of 0.04 microgram/kg were ineffective and doses of 0.06 microgram/kg intermediate. There was no effect of 0.08 microgram/kg on running speed to water rewards. Intraperitoneal doses of 8.0 micrograms/kg also suppressed running speed and eating.
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PMID:Brain cholecystokinin as a satiety peptide. 375 45

The authors compared the respiratory effects of an intravenous infusion of ketamine (1 mg X kg-1) with droperidol (0.1 mg X kg-1), or placebo on three different occasions in a double-blind, randomized fashion in eight healthy volunteers. Breathing pattern, thoraco-abdominal motion, end-expiratory positions of the rib cage and abdomen, arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2), and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (FECO2) were continuously measured with noninvasive techniques. During the 1-h monitoring period following drug injection, droperidol produced occasionally significant but clinically unimportant differences in respiratory variables when compared with placebo. In contrast, ketamine induced a significant (P less than 0.001) and persistent increase in minute ventilation (+75%) from 5 to 20 min after start of infusion by increasing both the driving (i.e., tidal volume/inspiratory time [VT/Ti]) and the timing (i.e., inspiratory time/total respiratory cycle time [Ti/Ttot]) components of ventilation (Milic-Emili J, Grunstein MM: Chest 70 (Suppl): 131-133, 1976). This was obtained without any significant change in end-expiratory positions or change in relative rib cage contribution to tidal volume. Despite multiple apneic episodes observed with ketamine, the subjects maintained a stable SaO2 and FECO2, indicating no resting respiratory depression. This study, performed with a noninvasive respiratory monitoring technique, confirms that droperidol infused over 5 min at a clinically used dosage does not cause respiratory depression in healthy subjects, whereas ketamine produces an important ventilatory stimulation.
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PMID:Noninvasive evaluation of breathing pattern and thoraco-abdominal motion following the infusion of ketamine or droperidol in humans. 376 37

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), an alternative to chlorine for drinking water disinfection, has been implicated as a potential antithyroid agent (Bercz et al., 1982). Because antithyroid compounds are known to alter neurobehavioral development, the present study was designed to determine if perinatal exposure to ClO2 affects behavioral activity in rat pups. The activity cage system was designed to monitor the development of locomotor activity of a litter of pups between ages 14-21 d. Pups were exposed to ClO2 either directly, by gavaging 14 mg/kg . from age 5 to 20 d, or indirectly via their dams' drinking water in concentrations of 2, 20, or 100 mg/l from gestation to weaning (21 d postpartum). Although the activity of the indirectly exposed group was not different from controls, the gavaged group showed significantly depressed activity for d 18 and 19 postpartum. The T4 levels of the 21-d-old pups was significantly depressed in the 100-mg/l ClO2 group. The gavaged pups showed an even greater T4 depression, which correlates with their activity levels. These data support the hypothesis that ClO2 affects thyroid function and suggests that a slight depression in T4 can result in developmental delays.
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PMID:Effects of chlorine dioxide on thyroid function in neonatal rats. 400 37

Respiratory activity can be substantially affected by perturbations confined to the superficial areas of the ventrolateral surface of the medulla, the putative site of central chemoreceptors. In this study we compared the effect of thermal and pharmacological interventions that are known to alter respiration on the electrical activity of the rib cage muscles, diaphragm, and abdominal muscles. With cooling of the intermediate areas to 20 degrees C, tidal volume decreased 50%. The electrical activity of the diaphragm decreased less than the other muscles (diaphragm less than inspiratory intercostal less than expiratory intercostal). Abdominal muscle activity was depressed as much as expiratory intercostal activity but reappeared with further cooling to 10 degrees C if cooling was prolonged and the vagi were intact. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its agonist muscimol, like cooling, reduced expiratory and inspiratory intercostal activity more than diaphragm activity. Nicotine, a respiratory stimulant, applied to the intermediate areas increased inspiratory intercostal activity more than the diaphragm. The results suggest that under the conditions of the experiments the rib cage musculature, and probably the abdominal muscles as well, are more responsive than the diaphragm to depression or excitation of chemosensitive elements in the superficial regions of the medulla.
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PMID:Influence of central chemoreceptor afferent inputs on respiratory muscle activity. 402 83

In 26 seizure-prone gerbils, with chronically implanted electrodes, the electro-clinical relationship of seizures was studied. The results are based on 70 EEG recordings of fully developed seizures resulting from: (1) moving the animal from its home cage to the testing area, i.e., the naturally occurring environmentally precipitated seizures (EPS); (2) electrically induced by stimulation of cortical electrodes (ICS); and (3) electrically induced by stimulation of hippocampal electrodes (IHS). The EPS were categorized into 4 electro-clinical phases: myoclonic, clonic-tonic, tonic, and clonic movements; usually preceded by an incipient period and followed by a post-seizure period. Usually the EPS were preceded by focal single spiking in the posterior part of the hemisphere, during which the animal's behavior was normal. This spiking turned to generalized epileptic discharges (incipient period without epileptic behavior) which were followed by the 4 phases of generalized myoclonic and clonic-tonic seizures. Post-seizure coma-like behavior was associated with EEG depression. The ICS were very similar to the EPS, but of course lacking the incipient phase. In contrast to the EPS and ICS, the IHS were very different both in terms of EEG and clinical manifestations. Moreover, the post-seizure depression was absent or negligible. We concluded that in the EPS in gerbils, the cortex is of primary importance as to the site of origin of the seizure, while the hippocampal involvement is secondary to it.
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PMID:Electro-clinical studies of epileptic seizures in Mongolian gerbils. 620 Mar 1

Breathing pattern, thoracoabdominal motion, and separate end-expiratory positions of the rib cage and abdomen were measured noninvasively in eight healthy subjects before and after intravenous administration of either placebo or midazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine. Compared with placebo, midazolam produced a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in mean inspiratory flow of 29% from preinjection values, resulting in a 39% reduction in tidal volume (VT). This ventilatory depression was partly compensated by a 35% decrease in expiratory time producing an increase in respiratory rate (+39%). The fall in VT was almost entirely (91%) mediated by a reduction of the abdominal contribution to tidal breathing while sparing rib cage motion. This fact contrasts with the effects of inhalational anesthetics or morphine, which preferentially depress rib cage expansion, indicating that thoracoabdominal motion may selectively be depressed by different pharmacological agents. In addition, continuous recording of end-expiratory levels showed a significant transient fall in the rib cage's end-tidal position 2 min after midazolam administration associated with the occurrence of central apneas.
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PMID:Effect of intravenous midazolam on breathing pattern and chest wall mechanics in human. 623 23


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