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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A survey was conducted to better understand complaints of fatigue in patients previously diagnosed as having polio. Eighty-six individuals with postpolio syndrome and 20 healthy controls completed a questionnaire about their fatigue, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the CAGE questionnaire. The results showed that fatigue in postpolio syndrome usually occurred on a daily basis and increased in severity as the day progressed. Both the study group and controls described their fatigue as tiredness and a lack of energy. However, physical weakness was reported only in the postpolio group. Minimal physical exercise exacerbated fatigue in 48% of the postpolio group, whereas it diminished fatigue in 70% of the controls and in 15% of the postpolio group. Twenty-seven percent of the postpolio group and none of the controls reported mild to moderate depressive symptoms. However, depression, age, alcohol abuse, and employment status did not significantly affect the differences between groups in reported prevalence or description of chronic fatigue. Criteria to separate psychologic from organic causes of fatigue and treatment interventions are discussed.
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PMID:Fatigue in postpolio syndrome. 199 Oct 11

Adjuvant psychological therapy (APT) is a newly developed cognitive behavioural treatment which has been designed specifically to improve the quality of life of cancer patients by alleviating emotional distress and inducing a fighting spirit. We report a phase I/II study which evaluates APT in routine clinical practice. A consecutive series of 44 outpatients with various cancers referred for psychiatric consultation and receiving APT at the Royal Marsden Hospital was studied. Standardised self-report questionnaires were used to measure anxiety, depression and four principal categories of mental adjustment to cancer, namely, fighting spirit, helplessness, anxious preoccupation and fatalism. Statistical comparisons between pre-therapy scores and scores after an average of five APT sessions revealed significant improvement in anxiety, depression, fighting spirit, anxious preoccupation and helplessness. Fatalism scores showed the same trend, but the changes were smaller. Patients with advanced disease showed as much improvement as those with local or locoregional disease. Present results indicate improvement in both psychiatric symptoms and mental adjustment to cancer associated with APT. Whether this association is causal remains to be determined by randomised controlled trials. Such a trial is in progress.
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PMID:Evaluation of adjuvant psychological therapy for clinically referred cancer patients. 199 3

The effects of a continuous steady rate infusion of propofol on spontaneous ventilation were studied in eight unpremedicated ASA 1 male patients. All were non smokers, aged 29 +/- 8 years, and weighed 67 +/- 9 kg. After an initial 1 mg.kg-1 bolus, they received 10 mg.kg-1.h-1 propofol for 10 min, followed by 8 mg.kg-1.h-1 for a further 10 min, and then 6 mg.kg-1.h-1 during the whole study period. Endotracheal intubation was carried out using lidocaine for local anaesthesia. Spontaneous ventilation was assessed during three periods of five minutes: in the awake subject, using indirect spirometry (measurement of variations in chest circumference) and direct spirometry separately, and then, in the anaesthetized subject, using both methods simultaneously. This study aimed: a) to compare the results obtained with the two methods, b) to characterize the effects of propofol anaesthesia on chest wall mechanics using the partitioning of ventilation between rib cage and abdomen provided by the non-invasive method, and c) to assess abdominal compliance by means of a gastric balloon catheter. There was an increase in rib cage ventilation in the awake state, induced by the apparatus for direct spirometry (mouth piece, nose clip). This explained that the ventilatory depression induced by propofol anaesthesia was more pronounced when measured by the direct method. The major determinant of this depression was a shortened inspiratory time, and, to a lesser extent, a decreased mean inspiratory flow rate. By contrast to inhalational anaesthesia, rib cage ventilation was preserved during propofol anaesthesia. The decrease in abdominal ventilation was partly related to a lowered abdominal compliance, suggesting recruitment of the abdominal muscles.
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PMID:[Measurement of respiratory effects of propofol by indirect spirometry]. 200 68

The behavioral consequences of the central administration of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in rhesus monkeys was determined using food-maintained behavior. Acute doses of CRH (0.003 ng/kg-10 micrograms/kg, i.c.v.), decreased responding for food in a dose- and time-related manner. With intermediate doses, responding occurred at a high rate until food was delivered, and then abruptly ceased for several minutes. Previous studies have attributed similar effects to the noxious properties of certain drugs. Acute doses had no effect on home cage food consumption, body weight, or responding for food on subsequent days. When CRH was given repeatedly for several days, its behavioral suppressant effects increased. Home cage food intake, body weight, and subsequent responding for food decreased for up to 6 weeks before returning to normal. These results suggest that sustained elevations in central levels of CRH can result in a sensitization to its anorexigenic effects, an effect that has not been reported in other species. Because hyperaroused clinical states such as depression and anorexia nervosa are characterized biochemically by hypercortisolism and elevated CRH in CSF, these anorexigenic effects may corroborate a potential role for CRH in affective disorders.
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PMID:Corticotropin releasing hormone produces profound anorexigenic effects in the rhesus monkey. 204 89

We determined the ability of a new opioid antagonist, naimefene, to prevent fentanyl-induced respiratory depression in 8 healthy male volunteers. Ventilation and pulmonary function were measured with the respiratory inductive plethysmograph (RIP), which is non-invasive and requires no connection to the airway. Each volunteer was tested two times on different days. During the first session, each volunteer was monitored for one hour of baseline measurement followed by 4 hourly injections of fentanyl (1 microgram/kg) administered in an open-label manner. In the second session, the subjects were monitored for one hour after 1 mg of intravenous nalmefene was administered. Intravenous fentanyl or identical placebo were then given in a double-blind manner as in the first session. Progressive and profound respiratory depression occurred with fentanyl administration alone. In the absence of nalmefene, fentanyl converted normal breathing pattern to an irregular breathing pattern. When the subjects were treated with nalmefene prior to fentanyl administration, all of these changes were almost completely prevented. Pulmonary variables which reflected this difference between the fentanyl-alone group and the nalmefene-pretreated groups included frequency (p less than 0.001), tidal volume (p less than 0.001), percent rib cage contribution to tidal volume (p less than 0.001) and expiratory time (p less than 0.001). This study showed that nalmefene is an effective long-acting opioid antagonist, and that RIP accurately measures changes in respiration caused by opioid administration.
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PMID:Antagonism of fentanyl-induced respiratory depression with nalmefene. 231 51

The interaction between restraint-stress and ethanol was investigated in the rat. The effects of ethanol pretreatment (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 g/kg, 20% v/v) on locomotor depression and corticosterone release induced by restraint-stress (15, 60 min) were measured. Restraint durations of 15, 30, 90 and 120 min were found to decrease locomotor activity while animals restrained for 60 min did not differ from home cage controls. All restraint durations induced a significant increase in plasma levels of corticosterone. Locomotor activity counts of ethanol-pretreated (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 g/kg; 20% v/v) animals restrained for 15 min were not found to be lower than those of ethanol-pretreated animals remaining in home cages. Ethanol pretreatment did not differentially affect the locomotor activity of restrained or home cage animals in the 60-min condition. Plasma corticosterone levels of ethanol-pretreated animals restrained for 15 min were identical to those of ethanol-pretreated home cage controls. However, ethanol-pretreated animals restrained for 60 min demonstrated plasma corticosterone levels higher than those obtained by ethanol pretreatment or 60-min restraint alone. Blood ethanol levels were not found to be different between ethanol-control and ethanol-stress animals. These results provide support for a stress-ethanol interaction. They also suggest a differential interaction of ethanol with different intensities of stress.
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PMID:Effects of ethanol on locomotor depression and corticosterone release induced by restraint-stress: support for a stress-ethanol interaction. 235

This article focuses on how corporate and military wives cope with international relocation. Specifically, the coping behaviors of women who exhibited signs of depression and anxiety and those women who did not in a convenience sample of 28 military and corporate women were studied. Six instruments were used: (a) the Relocation Survey, (b) the Beck Depression Inventory, (c) the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List, (d) the CAGE Questionnaire, (e) the Sarason Life Experience Survey, and (f) the Coping Questionnaire. Coping and adaptation formed the conceptual framework. The findings revealed that women who coped well used active coping behaviors and women who coped poorly used more passive coping behaviors. This study offers some direction for health care providers who may use anticipatory guidance and counseling for women prior to international moves.
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PMID:International relocation: womens' coping methods. 239 Dec 84

The purpose of the present study was to examine the reflex effects of mechanical stimulation of intestinal visceral afferents on the pattern of respiratory muscle activation. In 14 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, electromyographic activity of the costal and crural diaphragm, parasternal intercostal, and upper airway respiratory muscles was measured during distension of the small intestine. Rib cage and abdominal motion and tidal volume were also recorded. Distension produced an immediate apnea (11.16 +/- 0.80 s). During the first postapneic breath, costal (43 +/- 7% control) and crural (64 +/- 6% control) activity were reduced (P less than 0.001). In contrast, intercostal (137 +/- 11%) and upper airway muscle activity, including alae nasi (157 +/- 16%), genioglossus (170 +/- 15%), and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles (142 +/- 7%) all increased (P less than 0.005). There was greater outward rib cage motion although the abdomen moved paradoxically inward during inspiration, resulting in a reduction in tidal volume (82 +/- 6% control) (P less than 0.005). Postvagotomy distension produced a similar apnea and subsequent reduction in costal and crural activity. However, enhancement of intercostal and upper airway muscle activation was abolished and there was a greater fall in tidal volume (65 +/- 14%). In conclusion, mechanical stimulation of intestinal afferents affects the various inspiratory muscles differently; nonvagal afferents produce an initial apnea and subsequent depression of diaphragm activity whereas vagal pathways mediate selective enhancement of intercostal and upper airway muscle activation.
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PMID:Effect of intestinal afferent stimulation on pattern of respiratory muscle activation. 252 77

The effects of ethanol in Porsolt's swim test on mice preexposed to fight- or swim-stressors were investigated. The control mice did not change their behavior in the swim test after an acute injection of 0.4 or 0.8 g/kg ethanol; 1.2 g/kg ethanol increased their immobility in one but not in another experiment. The mice exposed to continuous fight-attacks in their home cage by one dominant mouse shortened immobility after 0.8 g/kg ethanol as well as tended to shorten it after 0.4 g/kg ethanol. The mice that were forced to swim in the water twice before the actual swim test responded to 0.4 g/kg ethanol by shortening immobility; 0.8 g/kg tended to have the same effect; 1.2 g/kg ethanol just failed to lengthen immobility of the fight-stressed mice and had no effect on the swim-stressed mice. Because antidepressant drugs decrease and stressors increase immobility in the swim test, the test may serve as a putative animal model of depression. The present findings showed that low doses of ethanol reverse lengthened immobility of mice preexposed to a stressor. This suggests that ethanol either has antidepressant-like properties, or it improves animal's ability to cope with a stressful situation, or both.
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PMID:Effects of ethanol on fight- or swim-stressed mice in Porsolt's swim test. 261 Aug 25

We performed surgical reconstruction on 1655 cases of deformed thoracic cage, we later operated again on 11 of these to repair postoperatively re-deformed anterior chest walls. Based on these experiences, we have concluded as follows. 1: Postoperative recurrence of funnel chest deforming is mainly due to insufficient resection of costal cartilages. In particular transection of the sternum at low levels during sternal turn-over procedure results in postoperative recurrence of depression in the upper anterior chest wall. 2: In young children who have undergone sternal turn-over procedure, the first and second costal bones and cartilages overgrow and protrude anteriorly, and in compensation their junctions to the sternum recess posteriorly. This results in a depression in the upper anterior chest wall. 3: We recommend sternal turn-over with overlapping of the sternum for repair of postoperative funnel chest deformity. Through this procedure, the extent of resection of costal cartilages can easily be determined and the depression of the anterior chest wall satisfactorily reconstructed. 4: In re-do surgery, we obtained pathological evidence confirming our clinical experience that our sternal turn-over technique does not interfere with blood circulation or development of the turned-over sternum even though the sternum is not connected to the rectus abdominus muscle pedicle, preserved internal mammary vessels, or anastomosis of the internal mammary vessels.
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PMID:[Re-operation of pectus excavatum]. 276 29


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