Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hemisected mouse spinal cords were maintained in vitro and the concentrations of calcium [CA2+] and of magnesium [Mg2+] in the bath were varied. In control solution containing 1.2 mM of both [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] stimulation of a dorsal root (DR) evoked in an adjacent DR an initial fiber volley representing 'input'; a postsynaptic compound spike recorded by volume conduction from dorsal gray matter, the dorsal horn response (DHR); and a slow dorsal root potential (DRP). In the ventral root of the stimulated segment a monosynaptic reflex (VRR1) was evoked. The fiber volley was enhanced by lowering [Ca2+] or [Mg2+] and depressed when either ion concentration was raised. The DRP, DHR and VRR1 were enhanced in low [Mg2+] and in moderately elevated [Ca2+]. At 1.8 mM [Ca2+] and above, the 'classical' dorsal root reflex (DRR) and a GABA-dependent delayed VR reflex (VRR2) appeared. Transmission of reflexes was maximal between 2.4 and 3.6 mM [Ca2+], while DRP was maximal at about 4.8 mM. In elevated [Mg2+] and in low [Ca2+] all synaptically transmitted responses (DRR, DRP and VRR) were depressed. The influence of both [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] was stronger on DRP, DRR and VRR2 than on DHR and VRR1. The effects of simultaneous changes of [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] partially cancelled each other. We conclude that low to moderately elevated [Ca2+] mainly influences the release of transmitter from presynaptic terminals; at very high [Ca2+] the depression of neuronal excitability dominates. The effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on GABAergic transmission are especially marked.
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PMID:Changes in extracellular calcium and magnesium and synaptic transmission in isolated mouse spinal cord. 254 79

We describe the use of isolated hemisected mouse spinal cords for pathophysiological investigations and analyze the responses evoked and recorded with suction electrodes in spinal roots. Dorsal root (DR) recordings from preparations in control solution show a directly evoked fiber volley (FV); an early postsynaptic spike generated by neurons in spinal gray matter and picked up by volume conduction (DRR1); and a 'slow' dorsal root potential (DRP). The 'conventional' dorsal root reflex (here termed DRR2) was absent or very small in control medium but became very prominent in elevated bath [Ca2+]. DRP and DRR2 but not DRR1 are depressed by GABAA antagonists. Recordings from VR contain the electrotonically conducted VRepsp and superimposed monosynaptic reflex discharge (VRR1). Rarely in control medium but regularly in elevated bath [Ca2+] a GABA-dependent late reflex (VRR2) appears (see also Duchen, 1986). The effects of varying bath concentrations of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ on evoked responses are briefly summarized. Irregularly timed spontaneous discharges appear in DR and VR recordings when [Ca2+] is elevated above 1.8 or 2.4 mM, and when [Mg2+] is lowered to 0.4 mM. In hypoxic solution synaptically transmitted responses fail in 10 to 20 min, but persist longer when [Ca2+] is elevated. Unexpectedly, spreading depression (SD)-like responses were recorded in some preparations during hypoxia. Following hypoxia, after synaptically transmitted responses recovered, spontaneous activity developed in DR and VR recordings.
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PMID:Pathophysiology of the spinal cord studied in vitro. 265 26

Neuropeptide S (NPS) and its receptor (NPSR) have been implicated in the mediation of anxiolytic-like behaviour in rodents. However, little knowledge is available regarding the NPS system in depression-related behaviours, and whether NPS also exerts anxiolytic effects in an animal model of psychopathology. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize the effects of NPS on depression- and anxiety-related parameters, using male and female rats in a well-validated animal model of depression: the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL), their controls, the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL), and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. We found that FSL showed greater immobility in the forced swim test (FST) than FRL, confirming their phenotype. However, NPS did not affect depression-related behaviour in any rat line. No significant differences in baseline anxiety levels between the FSL and FRL strains were observed, but FSL and FRL rats displayed less anxiety-like behaviour compared to SD rats. NPS decreased anxiety-like behaviour on the elevated plus-maze in all strains. The expression of the NPSR in the amygdala, periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and hippocampus was equal in all male strains, although a trend towards reduced expression within the amygdala was observed in FSL rats compared to SD rats. In conclusion, NPS had a marked anxiolytic effect in FSL, FRL and SD rats, but did not modify the depression-related behaviour in any strain, in spite of the significant differences in innate level between the strains. These findings suggest that NPS specifically modifies anxiety behaviour but cannot overcome/reverse a genetically mediated depression phenotype.
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PMID:Neuropeptide S alters anxiety, but not depression-like behaviour in Flinders Sensitive Line rats: a genetic animal model of depression. 2170 52