Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In rats lesioned by injecting the ibotenic acid (8 micrograms/site) into the unilateral nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM), the effect of treatment with bifemelane hydrochloride (BIF) or autotransplantation of the vagal nodosal ganglion was studied electrophysiologically by serial measurement of the event-related potential (ERP, P300) for 4 weeks. In addition, the effects on cholinergic markers were assessed by determining the specific binding of [3H]QNB (quinuclidinyl benzilate) to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) as well as the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The P300 latency was delayed and its amplitude remained low for 4 weeks in NBM-lesioned rats. In contrast, a return to normal occurred after 2-3 weeks in rats given daily intraperitoneal injections of BIF (15 mg/kg) and in autotransplanted rats. In lesioned rats, the cortical ChAT and AChE activities on the affected side did not recover, but the postsynaptic receptor response was transiently activated soon after lesioning. BIF increased specific mAChR binding (an early increase of affinity and a subsequent increase of receptor density) as well as presynaptic ChAT activity. Transplantation achieved the early activation of mAChR binding (increased receptor density) and continuously increased ChAT activity. Thus, the postsynaptic compensatory receptor mechanism of denervation supersensitivity acted as an early response to the depression of presynaptic cholinergic activity, but it could not improve the P300 response until the subsequent increase of cortical ChAT activity. Improvement of P300 combined with cortical cholinergic recovery after nodosal ganglion grafting or administration of BIF suggests that the neocortical ACh level may play an important role in regulating ERP.
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PMID:Effect of vagal autotransplantation and bifemelane hydrochloride on cholinergic markers and event-related potentials in rats with lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. 854 4

Forty-three patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and thirty-seven normal volunteers were subjected to clinical, neuropsychological, neurophysiological (P300 component of the event-related potentials ERP) and radiological (cranial computerized tomographic scanning CCT) evaluation. Intentional memory was more impaired in PD than in normal controls, more so in the demented group of patients, and was related to enlargement of third ventricular size in CCT. While intentional memory was age related in PD patients, perception was age-related in normal controls. Neither global nor specific cognitive functions were related to duration, severity of parkinsonian motor disability, or depression. However, depression in PD was significantly related to parkinsonian motor disability. P300 latency was more prolonged in PD patients than normal controls. P300 parameters of PD patients were not influenced by age, cognitive functions, duration or severity of motor disability, or depression. The reaction time was the only P300 parameter that was age-related in normal controls. Subcortical atrophy as indicated by CCT was more marked in PD and correlated with age in both patients and controls. Subcortical atrophy was significantly related to cognitive functions in PD but not in normal controls. It was concluded that cognitive impairment in PD could be attributed to complex cognitive changes rather than age. It is a disease process, though not directly related to parkinsonian motor disability or depression. PD differed from normal aging as regards the effect of age on the specific cognitive functions, where in PD patients, age was related to intentional memory, yet in normal controls, it was related to perception. Intentional memory deterioration was found to be specific of PD, being related to subcortical atrophy as well as being more pronounced in the demented group of patients.
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PMID:Parkinson's disease, cognition and aging. Clinical, neuropsychological, electrophysiological and cranial computerized tomographic assessment. 898

1. In the line of Zuckerman's studies on sensation seeking and optimal level of arousal, the authors hypothesized that high sensation seeking might be used to compensate for anhedonia due to basal arousal deficit. A population of interest was found with parachutists practicing skydiving, generally described as very high sensation seekers. 2. After clinical assessment of emotional and affective components, amplitudes of the frontal P3 of the ERP were used as indices of arousal. 3. Skydivers presented more negative symptoms (anhedonia and blunted-affect) than controls. This was observed in isolation from any depressive episode, which would suggest the presence of emotional deficit as a trait. As expected, skydivers presented more sensation seeking than controls. These two results taken together could indicate that sensation seeking is an adaptive reaction to anhedonia. 4. ERP results showed that frontal P3 amplitudes were larger in skydivers than in controls, whereas in a previous study we showed the opposite in depressed patients with a similar emotional deficit. This could indicate that the frontal P3 amplitude does not reflect the emotional deficit per se. We suggest that it rather reflects the capacity to use some behaviors which improve automatic attentional processes in order to obtain arousing stimulation that could counterbalance the emotional deficit. Depressions with emotional deficit might be due to the lack of such a capacity.
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PMID:Frontal reactivity and sensation seeking an ERP study in skydivers. 1037 29

The contribution of striatal (caudate nucleus-putamen) dopaminergic deficiency to the severity of motor signs is well established in Parkinson's disease (PD), while its role in the occurrence of cognitive and mood changes remains unresolved. We therefore measured in 27 non-demented PD patients and 10 age-matched controls striatal uptake of [18F]-6-fluoro-L-Dopa (F-Dopa) with PET, and mood (Beck depression), memory (Grober-Buschke), frontal executive functions (verbal fluency and Wisconsin card sorting), and attentional processing of sensory stimuli (N2-P3 auditory event-related potentials--ERPs). Locomotor disability of patients was assessed by Hoehn and Yahr score and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). ANOVA showed that memory, but neither frontal lobe functions nor ERPs, was significantly altered in PD patients, whereas indices of depression were found only in advanced PD. The F-Dopa rate constant Ki was significantly reduced in the striatum, more in putamen than caudate nucleus, and inversely correlated with disease duration. A significant inverse correlation was found between both putamen and caudate nucleus Ki and Hoehn and Yahr score, and between putamen--but not caudate nucleus Ki --and UPDRS motor score. Principal components analysis (PCA) of PD patients Ki values and mood, cognitive and ERP parameters gave a three-factor solution. Variables contributing to factor 1 were memory score and N2-P3 ERP latencies, those to factor 2 were striatal Ki values, and those to factor 3 frontal executive performances. Depression did not segregate with any variable. Our findings suggest that unlike locomotor disability, cognitive abilities and mood state of non-demented PD patients are for the most part unrelated to striatal dopaminergic depletion and may result from dysfunction of extra-striatal dopaminergic or from non-dopaminergic systems.
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PMID:The relation of putamen and caudate nucleus 18F-Dopa uptake to motor and cognitive performances in Parkinson's disease. 1047 8

The most frequently encountered developmental problems of learning disabilities/ADHD often co-exist with severe behavioral disorders. As a direct consequence, this condition opens the way to delinquency, school drop-out, depression, suicide, substance abuse, work absenteeism, and other psycho-social complications. In this paper, we are presenting a selective overview of our previous research and its clinical applications in this field as it relates to our present research data pertaining to the effects of our original Memory Workload Paradigm on the event-related brain potentials in differentiating normal and pathological pre-adolescents (learning disabled/ADHD with concomitant severe behavioral disorders such as oppositional and conduct). In addition, it provides data on the bilateral electrodermal activity during cognitive workload and Mangina-Test performance of pathological and normal pre-adolescents conducted in separate sessions. The results of our present research indicate that a significant memory load effect for the P450 latency (F(3,27)=4.98, P<0.01) and the P450 amplitude (F(3,27)=3.57, P<0.05) was present for normal pre-adolescents which was absent in pathological pre-adolescents. Moreover, enhanced N450 ERP amplitudes to our Memory Workload Paradigm in pre-frontal and frontal regions clearly differentiated normal from pathological pre-adolescents (F(1, 18)=12.21, P<0.004). Furthermore, significant differences between normal and pathological groups were found in bilateral electrodermal activity (F(1,18)=23.86, P<0.001) and on the Mangina-Test performance (F(1,18)=75.35, P<0.001). Our present research findings provide an original and valuable demonstration of an integrative and effective clinical psychophysiological application of central (ERPs), autonomic (bilateral electrodermal activity) and neuro-psychometric aspects (Mangina-Test) which characterize normal and pathological pre-adolescents and underpin the neurophysiological basis of learning disabled/ADHD with severe behavioral disorders as opposed to normal subjects.
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PMID:Event-related brain potentials, bilateral electrodermal activity and Mangina-Test performance in learning disabled/ADHD pre-adolescents with severe behavioral disorders as compared to age-matched normal controls. 1082 76

Early Life Stress (ELS) has been associated with a range of adverse outcomes in adults, including abnormalities in electrical brain activity [1], personality dimensions [40], increased vulnerability to substance abuse and depression [14]. The present study seeks to quantify these proposed effects in a large sample of non-clinical subjects. Data for the study was obtained from The Brain Resource International Database (six laboratories: two in USA, two in Europe, two in Australia). This study analyzed scalp electrophysiological data (EEG eyes open, closed and target auditory oddball data) and personality (NEO-FFI), history of addictive substance use and ELS) data that was acquired from 740 healthy volunteers. The ELS measures were collected via a self-report measure and covered a broad range of events from childhood sexual and physical abuse, to first-hand experience of traumatizing accidents and sustained domestic conflict [41]. Analysis of covariance, controlling for age and gender, compared EEG data from subjects exposed to ELS with those who were unexposed. ELS was associated with significantly decreased power across the EEG spectrum. The between group differences were strongest in the eyes closed paradigm, where subjects who experienced ELS showed significantly reduced beta (F1,405=12.37, p=.000), theta (F1,405=20.48, p=.000), alpha (F1,405=9.65, p=.002) and delta power (F1,450=36.22, p=.000). ELS exposed subjects also showed a significantly higher alpha peak frequency (F1,405=6.39, p=.012) in the eyes closed paradigm. Analysis of covariance on ERP components revealed that subjects who experienced ELS had significantly decreased N2 amplitude (F1,405=7.73, p=.006). Analyses of variance conducted on measures of personality revealed that subjects who experienced ELS had significantly higher levels of neuroticism (F1,264=13.39, p=.000) and openness (F1,264=17.11, p=.000), but lower levels of conscientiousness, than controls (F1,264=4.08, p=.044). The number of ELS events experienced was shown to be a significant predictor of scores on the DASS questionnaire [27], which rates subjects on symptoms of depression (F3,688=16.44, p=.000, R2=.07), anxiety (F3,688=14.32, p=.000, R2=.06) and stress (F3,688=20.02, p=.000, R2=.08). Each additional early life stressor was associated with an increase in these scores independent of age, gender and the type of stressor. Furthermore, the number of ELS experiences among smokers was also found to be a positive predictor of the nicotine dependency score (Faegstrom Test For Nicotine Dependence, [19]) (F3,104=10.99, p=.000, R2=.24), independent of age, gender and type of stressor. In conclusion, we highlight the impact of a history of ELS showed significant effects on brain function (EEG and ERP activity), personality dimensions and nicotine dependence.
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PMID:The impact of early life stress on psychophysiological, personality and behavioral measures in 740 non-clinical subjects. 1603 39

Event-related potentials (31-channel ERPs) were recorded from 38 depressed, unmedicated outpatients and 26 healthy adults (all right-handed) in tonal and phonetic oddball tasks developed to exploit the perceptual challenge of a dichotic stimulation. Tonal nontargets were pairs of complex tones (corresponding to musical notes G and B above middle C) presented simultaneously to each ear (L/R) in an alternating series (G/B or B/G; 2-s fixed SOA). A target tone (note A) replaced one of the pair on 20% of the trials (A/B, G/A, B/A, A/G). Phonetic nontargets were L/R pairs of syllables (/ba/, /da/) with a short voice onset time (VOT), and targets contained a syllable (/ta/) with a long VOT. Subjects responded with a left or right button press to targets (counterbalanced across blocks). Target detection was poorer in patients than controls and for tones than syllables. Reference-free current source densities (CSDs; spherical spline Laplacian) derived from ERP waveforms were simplified and measured using temporal, covariance-based PCA followed by unrestricted Varimax rotation. Target-related N2 sinks and mid-parietal P3 sources were represented by CSD factors peaking at 245 and 440 ms. The P3 source topography included a secondary, left-lateralized temporal lobe maximum for both targets and nontargets. However, a subsequent hemispheric spatiotemporal PCA disentangled temporal lobe N1 and P3 sources as distinct factors. P3 sources were reduced in patients compared with controls, even after using performance as a covariate. Results are consistent with prior reports of P3 reduction in depression and implicate distinct parietal and temporal generators of P3 when using a dichotic oddball paradigm.
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PMID:Hemispatial PCA dissociates temporal from parietal ERP generator patterns: CSD components in healthy adults and depressed patients during a dichotic oddball task. 1796 12

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment for depression has been under investigation in many controlled studies over the last 20 years. Little is known about the neurobiological action of rTMS in patients. We therefore investigated pre- and post-treatment effects on QEEG, ERP's and behavior (BDI and NEO-FFI). rTMS treatment was applied in 8 subjects for an average of 21 sessions to the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (left DLPFC). Clients were assessed on a QEEG and Oddball ERP evaluation pre- and post-treatment. Clients were stimulated over the left DLPFC with 10 Hz rTMS (100% MT). Furthermore, rTMS treatment was complimented by psychotherapy. All subjects showed full remission within 20 sessions and there was a significant reduction in depressive symptomatology (BDI score) after 10 and 15 sessions and a clear decrease in the Neuroticism and an increase on the extraversion scale of the NEO-FFI personality questionnaire. Pre- and post-QEEG measurements did not reveal treatment specific effects, but only an indirect right frontal increase in delta power. On the other hand, ERP measures did reveal treatment specific effects by showing an increased positivity in the post-treatment ERP's specifically left frontal. The P2 amplitude demonstrated a significant left frontal increase in amplitude, whereas for the negative N1 and N2 a significant decrease in amplitude was observed. The results of this pilot study demonstrate that rTMS can be a safe and efficacious treatment modality for depression. Furthermore, a specific left frontal increase in positivity for the ERP's was found (increased P2 and decreased N1 and N2 components) most likely related to the rTMS over the left DLPFC. Furthermore, there was no change in the alpha asymmetry lending support to the fact that frontal alpha asymmetry can be considered a trait marker for depression. The findings from this pilot study require future replication with larger sample sizes.
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PMID:Long-term effects of left frontal rTMS on EEG and ERPs in patients with depression. 1875 60

The aim of this study was to investigate links between the N2 and P3 NoGo ERP components in a visual Go/NoGo paradigm and inhibition in social drinkers. Forty participants were divided into three groups on the basis of their level of alcohol consumption, with two extreme groups, Light and Heavy, each with 13 subjects, selected for investigation. While impaired control over drinking was found in the Heavy group, there were no group differences in anxiety, depression, or locus of control. The Go N2 was slightly smaller centrally and in the midline for the Heavy compared to the Light group, but the Go P3 showed no group differences. The NoGo N2 was slightly smaller centrally, and the NoGo P3 was globally much smaller, in the Heavy group. Only the NoGo P3 reduction was correlated with alcohol consumption. That is, the NoGo P3 was the ERP component reflecting heavy social drinking. However, this could not be considered a marker of inhibition deficit, as the groups had similar performance levels in the task. Further consideration of the literature indicated that this is generally compatible with performance results in other studies that have attributed NoGo P3 differences to inhibition deficits, casting doubt on that interpretation. An alternative interpretation in terms of the orienting reflex (OR) is offered. This suggests that individuals with impairments in basic aspects of reflexive OR functioning may be prone to risk-taking behaviours, such as those associated with alcohol/drug abuse.
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PMID:The relationship of N2 and P3 to inhibitory processing of social drinkers in a Go/NoGo task. 1925 Sep 50

The aim of the current study was to test the effectiveness of ERP-based 12 weeks group therapy for OCD patients in a community-based, general Norwegian outpatient clinic. The sample consisted of 54 patients diagnosed with OCD. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) were administered before treatment, after treatment and at 3- and 12-month follow-ups. Analyses with mixed models for repeated measurements showed that group behavioural therapy offered to OCD patients significantly improved ratings of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, depression and anxiety. These improvements were maintained at 3- and 12-month follow-ups and an additional reduction in obsessive-compulsive symptoms was observed from post-treatment to 3-month follow-up. However, the delayed effect of therapy was no longer present at 12-month follow-up. The results also revealed that the patients had a lower chance for an increased outcome category (e.g. from unchanged to improved or recovered) with high scores on STAI-S at the given observation times (post-treatment, 3- and 12-months follow-ups). Depressive symptoms (BDI) at post-treatment and follow-ups had no significant influences on the three categories of outcome for OCD. In conclusion, the results indicate that behavioural group therapy can successfully be delivered to patients with considerable comorbidity in a real world setting conducted by therapists with limited training in the CBT.
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PMID:Behavioural group therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder in Norway. An open community-based trial. 2035 92


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