Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In previous work, we studied, under conditions of ad libitum food consumption, the effect of amount and type of dietary fat on plasma esterase-1 (ES-1) and butyryl cholinesterase activity in rats. This was done by the isoenergetic replacement of dietary fat by carbohydrates or by another fat source. The observed change in enzyme activity could theoretically be determined by either the dietary omission or the addition or by the combination. In the present work, we studied under restricted feeding conditions the effect of supplemental energy in various forms to determine the effect of the supplement alone. Supplemental coconut fat, but not isoenergetic amounts of either glucose or casein, raised plasma ES-1 activity. None of these supplements influenced butyryl cholinesterase activity. In a second experiment, we demonstrated that the ES-1 enhancing effect of supplemental coconut fat also occurred with fish oil, whereas the stimulatory effects of olive oil and corn oil were less pronounced. Supplemental fish oil, but not the three other fats, significantly reduced the depression in butyryl cholinesterase activity. Plasma cholesterol concentration was negatively associated with butyryl cholinesterase activity, but was not related to ES-1 activity. The two esterases were not correlated with plasma triglyceride concentration. We conclude that both the amount and type of fat in the diet of rats have specific influences on plasma ES-1 activity and that butyryl cholinesterase activity is affected by the type of fat.
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PMID:Plasma esterase-1 (ES-1) activity in rats is influenced by the amount and type of dietary fat, and butyryl cholinesterase activity by the type of dietary fat. 143 52

Hepatic cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.29) activity has been reported to decrease in response to both L-methionine (Met) feeding and adrenalectomy in rats. A series of experiments was conducted to (a) determine if CSAD depression was evident in female rats fed a methionine-supplemented diet; and (b) determine if adrenal hormones mediated the response of CSAD to dietary methionine. Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) activity was measured in livers of male and female rats fed a methionine-supplemented diet. In female rat liver, CSAD activity was only 25% of the activity measured in livers of male rats. Hepatic enzyme activity in male rats fed a casein-based basal diet containing 0.6% L-methionine was 2.5-fold higher than activity in male rats fed a methionine-supplemented diet containing 1.35% L-methionine (+Met). Similarly, enzyme activity in livers of female rats fed the basal diet was 1.7-fold higher than in female rats fed a methionine-supplemented diet. CSAD activity in adrenalectomized (ADX) male rats fed the basal diet was depressed (990 +/- 120 nmol/min.g liver) compared to activity in intact controls (2347 +/- 89) and sham controls (2040 +/- 143) fed the basal diet. CSAD activity was further depressed in ADX, intact controls, and sham controls fed +Met. Immunochemical detection and quantification of CSAD protein in rat liver demonstrated that changes in CSAD protein were consistent with the observed decreased enzyme activity in female rats, ADX rats, and rats fed +Met. S-Adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations tended to increase in livers of rats fed +Met. ADX rats fed +Met had the greatest increase in S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations. The depression in hepatic CSAD observed after feeding +Met to rats does not appear to involve adrenal function.
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PMID:Quantification of cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase in male and female rats: effect of adrenalectomy and methionine. 156 10

Two experiments were conducted to measure the effects of intake and forage: grain ratio on utilization of early maturity alfalfa silage in dairy cows. In Experiment 1, diets with three forage: concentrate ratios (percentage of silage, percentage NDF): low (56, 28.3), medium (71, 31.0), or high (86, 33.4) were fed ad libitum to six lactating, ruminally cannulated cows in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square. The same diets were then fed at 1.3 x maintenance intake to six gestating dry cows. Dairy milk yield and percentage and yield of milk protein and casein were higher for cows fed the low silage diet than for cows receiving other treatments. Fat percentage and yield were not different among diets. Lactating cows consumed more DM on low silage (23.0 kg/d) than on medium or high silage diets (21.4 kg), but NDF intake as percentage of BW was higher for the high silage diet. Digestibility of DM in the lactating (70.7, 69.9, and 67.5% for low, medium, and high) and dry cows (76.7, 73.5, and 69.0%, respectively) decreased as the level of silage increased. Depression in digestibility was greater as dietary concentrate increased. Cows fed the high silage diet had a faster fractional passage rate of solids and higher rumen fill. Digestion of concentrate cell walls appeared to be depressed more than alfalfa cell walls as intake increased.
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PMID:Effect of forage to concentrate ratio and intake level on utilization of early vegetative alfalfa silage by dairy cows. 164 42

Thirty-six Holstein cows were assigned to one of three diets containing soybean meal (16% CP), added fat from extruded soybeans (16% CP), and added fat and protein from extruded soybeans plus soybean meal (18% CP) to determine whether feeding additional protein would prevent the depression in milk protein percentages usually experienced when cows are fed additional fat. Total mixed diets containing 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% of respective concentrate mixtures were fed individually wk 4 through 16 postpartum; pretreatment (wk 3 postpartum), milk production, and composition data were used as covariates. Milk production (33.0, 35.8, and 34.2 kg/d) was higher for cows fed added fat. Milk protein (2.92, 2.88, and 2.83%) and casein (2.16, 2.13, and 2.09%) tended to decrease for cows fed added fat and did not increase with higher dietary protein. Dry matter intakes (20.9, 20.7, and 19.8 kg/d) and BW were similar for all diets. Supplementing additional CP to a diet containing added fat did not prevent depression in milk protein percentage.
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PMID:Lactational response of dairy cows to increased dietary crude protein with added fat. 175 29

Male rats were fed sulfur and nonsulfur amino acid-supplemented diets, and the response of cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) activity was determined. After adaptation to a casein-based basal diet, rats were fed diets containing additions of L-methionine. Hepatic CSAD activity decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Significant depression of CSAD activity in liver was evident within 24 h of feeding rats a methionine-supplemented diet. Depression of enzyme activity was reversed upon refeeding the basal diet. After rats were fed diets supplemented with methionine, cystine, homocystine, S-methyl-L-cysteine, phenylalanine, leucine, or ethionine for 14 days, hepatic CSAD activity in rats fed S-methyl-L-cysteine-, phenylalanine-, or leucine-supplemented diets was not depressed compared with activity in rats fed a basal diet. In contrast, CSAD activity in livers of rats fed cystine-, homocystine-, methionine-, or ethionine-supplemented diets was 60, 40, 40, and 8%, respectively, of the activity in livers from control rats. Immunochemical detection and quantification of CSAD protein in rat liver indicated that CSAD protein concentration was correlated to CSAD activity. CSAD activity may be specifically regulated by sulfur amino acids metabolized by the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent pathway of methionine metabolism.
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PMID:Dietary sulfur amino acid modulation of cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. 195 78

Plasma and brain amino acid and plasma branched-chain alpha-keto acid (BCKA) concentrations were measured in rats fed diets containing high levels of individual amino and alpha-keto acids. Consumption of a low-protein (9% casein) diet high in leucine or alpha-ketoisocaproate depressed plasma concentrations of isoleucine and valine and their respective keto acids, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate and alpha-ketoisovalerate. High dietary levels of alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate or alpha-ketoisovalerate (but not of isoleucine or valine) depressed plasma concentrations of the other BCKA and their respective branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). Consumption of a low protein, high phenylalanine diet depressed plasma concentrations of both BCAA and BCKA. Brain large neutral amino acid pools of rats fed all low-protein, high-amino acid diets were depleted. Consumption of diets high in individual BCKA increased brain concentrations of aromatic amino acids. In this study of rats allowed to feed for only 6 h/d, elevated brain phenylalanine concentration was associated with a significant depression of food intake, whereas elevated brain BCAA concentrations were not. Also, elevated plasma BCKA concentrations, comparable with those observed in maple syrup urine disease, were accompanied by elevations in concentrations of aromatic amino acids in brain but not in plasma.
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PMID:High levels of dietary amino and branched-chain alpha-keto acids alter plasma and brain amino acid concentrations in rats. 201 76

The role of serotonin3 (5-HT3) receptors in the initial food intake depression of rats ingesting amino acid imbalanced or high-protein diets was investigated. The 5-HT antagonists metergoline, pirenpirone, ICS 205-930, and MDL 72222, the dopamine antagonist pimozide, or the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine were injected 15-45 min before presentation of test diets. Food intake was measured at intervals for 3 days. The 5-HT3 antagonists, ICS 205-930 and MDL 72222, restored feeding of a mild isoleucine (Ile)-imbalanced diet to control levels, although MDL 72222 had a longer time course of action. ICS 205-930 also increased intake of a severe Ile-imbalanced diet and Thr-imbalanced diet but not a high-protein (44% casein) diet. Treatment with metergoline, which blocks 5-HT1, 5-HT2, and dopamine receptor sites but not 5-HT3 sites, increased intake of the basal diet at 3 and 6 h but did not significantly alter intake of the mild Ile-imbalanced diet. Although pimozide tended to increase intake of the mild imbalanced diet, neither dopamine nor alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonism significantly affected imbalanced diet intake. Thus 5-HT3 receptors may mediate the anorexigenic activity of 5-HT associated with feeding an amino acid-imbalanced diet.
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PMID:Serotonin3 receptor antagonists block anorectic responses to amino acid imbalance. 211 34

The enhanced propagation rate of cortical spreading depression, observed previously in rats rendered malnourished by the regional basic diet that is typical of the daily fare of many of the inhabitants of the northeastern region of Brazil, was not prevented by raising the quantity of dietary protein to the normal level without changing its quality. Dietary supplementation with casein, a protein of good quality, however, abolished the effect on spreading depression. These data indicate that the quality, and not the quantity, of the dietary protein is the critical factor in reversing the effects of regional basic diet malnutrition on spreading depression.
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PMID:Enhanced rate of cortical spreading depression due to malnutrition: prevention by dietary protein supplementation. 212 85

The effect in rabbits of giving isonitrogenous purified diets containing casein, ovalbumin, fish protein, milk-whey protein and soya-bean protein were compared. The diets were balanced for cholesterol and for the amount and type of fat. When incorporated into low-cholesterol diets (0.08 g cholesterol/kg), casein, ovalbumin and soya-bean protein produced similar levels of serum cholesterol. With a high background of dietary cholesterol (1.5 g/kg), serum cholesterol concentrations increased with soya-bean protein, whey protein, casein and fish protein, in that order. Thus, the hypercholesterolaemic effect of casein in carefully balanced diets was only seen against a high-cholesterol background. The development of hypercholesterolaemia produced by giving fish protein was different from that produced by casein. First, less cholesterol accumulated in the very-low-density-lipoprotein fractions and more in the lipoproteins of higher density with fish protein than with casein. Second, fish protein, unlike casein, did not increase liver cholesterol. Third, transfer of rabbits from a diet containing soya-bean protein to one containing casein resulted in an immediate marked depression in neutral steroid and bile acid excretion in faeces. However, when rabbits were fed on the diet with fish protein after the diet with soya-bean protein, there was no significant depression in neutral steroid output and the depression in bile acid output was delayed. The present study suggests that different animal proteins cause hypercholesterolaemia by different mechanisms.
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PMID:Dietary animal proteins and cholesterol metabolism in rabbits. 222 48

Male rats (100 g) previously adapted to a 20% casein diet were fed diets containing from 0 to 55% of casein and were killed after 20, 60, 150, 240, or 330 min. Food intake of rats fed a protein-free diet or a diet containing greater than 35% of casein was depressed within 20 min and remained depressed for up to 5.5 h. Depressed food intake of rats fed protein-free diets was accompanied by a rapid reduction in plasma and brain total concentrations of free indispensable amino acids (IAA). Food intake depression among groups fed diets containing in excess of 35% casein was associated with elevated plasma and brain total IAA concentrations, compared with those of animals fed diets containing 15-20% of casein. No consistent relationships were observed between food or protein intakes and whole-brain concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, or their sum. Our results suggest that in animals fed a single diet, food intake is depressed if the total concentration of free IAA in brain either falls below a certain critical minimum or exceeds some maximum tolerable level.
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PMID:Acute effects of dietary protein on food intake, tissue amino acids, and brain serotonin. 243 9


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