Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rats were used in 7 trials each comprising 9 animals (197 total metabolism trials carried out at an environmental temperature of 30 degree). The animals received casein, casein+methionine, wheat gluten, wheat gluten+lysine as protein sources and were investigated for their nitrogen and energy turnover. The rations fed contained between 10% and 27% protein. Supplementation of the natural proteins with synthetic amino acids positively influenced the growth rate and the rate of N retention. The feeding of wheat gluten as sole protein source induced an absolute depression of the food and energy intake. The rates of tetention of protein and fat energy per animal/day showed opposing trends, in dependence upon the protein levels in the rations. It was found in the trials with casein that the proteins yielded 25%, or 18% of the total energy retention if the rats received low protein rations while the percentage of protein energy retention increased to 49-53%, if the rations contained high protein levels. The rats utilized between 67% and 84% of the metabolizable energy for the turnover of body energy. A negative correlation was found between the levels of energy utilization and protein intake. The energy demends for protein retention were calculated (mean of all trials) to be 1.67 kcal of metabolizable energy while those for fat retention amounted to 1.15 kcal. The energy demands for protein retention were not found to be dependent on the type of protein source used. The maintenance requirements of the rats were 102 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg LM0,75.
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PMID:[Energy requirements for the synthesis of body proteins during growth as determined in model experiments in rats. 2. Studies with dietary casein and wheat gluten used unsupplemented or supplemented with methionine or lysine]. 86 13

A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the influence of meal frequency on nitrogen balance and body composition of rats. Rats were either fed 2 hours per 24 or 48 hours (meal-eaters), or pair-fed to meal-eaters with an automated feeding machine (nibblers). Rats weighing approximately 250 g initially, were fed 10%, 20%, or 30% casein, high-carbohydrate diets or a 20% casein high-fat diet for 7 to 8 weeks. Meal-eaters gained essentially the same amount of body weight as the nibblers. Meal-feeding once per 24 or 48 hours did not adversely influence nitrogen balance or the body composition of the rats. In one experiment, smaller rats, weighing approximately 150 g initially, were utilized. Meal-eaters again, retained as much nitrogen as nibblers, and contained less body fat than the nibblers. In these studies, meal-eating did not cause a depression in nitrogen retention or an increase in body fat deposition in rats.
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PMID:Influence of diet composition on nitrogen balance and body composition in meal-eating and nibbling rats. 90 21

Dietary protein deficiency is known to modify the response to the pharmacotoxicological activities of drugs and foreign compounds, due in part to altered rates of metabolism. Prediction of whether in vivo susceptibilities to foreign compounds are increased or decreased in protein deficient animals has been said to be related to the relative toxicites of the metabolic products. We have shown that weanling rats fed semipurified casein diets for 15 days show a 75% depression of hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activities. About one-fourth of this decrease is due to a retardation of the normal rate of liver cell proliferation and less microsomal protein; the remaining three-fourths is due to a reduction of the specific enzyme activity. This latter decrease is closely correlated with similar decreases in cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome c reductase activities and cytochrome P-450 contents. Although protein deficiency affects the relative contents of phosphatidylcholine and cytochrome P-450, this does not result in modifications of the Km for metabolism, as is seen with phenobarbital administration in the various dietary groups. The depression of mixed function oxidase enzyme activities caused by feeding the protein deficient diet for 15 days can be restored to normal by feeding the 20% casein diets for an additional 30 days in the case of aniline hydroxylase but only partially in the case of ethylmorphine N-demethylase. The complexities of determining the role of metabolism as a modulator of protein deficiency effects on foreign compound toxicity are discussed.
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PMID:The effect of quantity and quality of dietary protein on drug metabolism. 97 91

Similar depressions in growth were observed when rats consumed a 10% casein basal diet containing equal quantities of either methionine or S-methyl-L-cysteine. Supplemental glycine or serine partially alleviated the growth depression caused by the high levels of methionine but were ineffective in alleviating the growth depression caused by high levels of S-methylcysteine. Histological examination of five organs of rats fed the basal, high methionine or high S-methylcysteine diet for 6, 13 or 20 days revealed that only the spleens were affected in that there was erythrocyte engorgement and an accumulation of hemosiderin. The intensity of iron staining in spleens decreased from the second to the third week. The similarity in the depression of growth and splenic damage observed in rats consuming high levels of methionine or S-methylcysteine is consistent with an earlier suggestion that metabolism of the methionine or S-methylcysteine is consistent with an earlier suggestion that metabolism of the methyl group is in some way involved in the toxicity of methionine.
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PMID:Growth depression and tissue reaction to the consumption of excess dietary methionine and S-methyl-L-cysteine. 99 52

Male rats are fed during twenty eight days from the weaning with semi-synthetic isocaloric diets containing 3,5 p. 100 and 26 p. 100 of proteins under the from of casein and with a standard laboratory diet. At the end of this period the LD50 and the pathological clinical syndrome of a fungicid belonging to the dithiocarbamate series : the Nabame, are determined in each of the groups of rats receiving their respective diet. The LD50 is significantly reduced among the rats with a deficiency in proteins compared with the LD50 determined among the two other groups of animals. A likely explanation is to be looked for, at least for a part, on the level of the production or of the activity of detoxicating microsomal hepatic enzymes which the restrictions of nitrogen supply could reduce. The pathological - clinical syndrome of toxicity : stimulation then depression of the central nervous system, severe inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract, important renal necrosis, is essentially the same among all the animals and it does not seem to be influenced by the level or nature of the proteinic supply.
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PMID:[Influence of a low-protein diet on the acute toxicity of a pesticide: Nabam]. 101 38

Dietary Se (0.5 ppm Se supplied as sodium selenite to a casein-based diet containing 0.02 ppm Se and lacking in vitamin E) prevented the growth depression observed in rats receiving 76 ppm Ag in the water supply and markedly improved growth and survival of those given 751 ppm Ag. The Ag concentration of liver and possibly of kidney was increased by Se. Liver glutathione peroxidase activities from rats fed 0.5 ppm Se and given 76 and 751 ppm Ag for 52 days in their water were, respectively, 30% and 4% of those from control rats fed 0.5 ppmSe without Ag. In rats fed a diet, adequate in vitamin E (100 IU/kg) and Se (0.5 ppm as sodium selenite), administration of 751 ppm Ag in the water for 15 wk reduced liver GSH-Px activity to 5% of that from control rats receiving no Ag. GSH-Px activity of erythrocytes and kidney was decreased by Ag to 37% and 38%, respectively, of control values. It is concluded that in vivo administration of Ag dramatically decreased liver GSH-Px in rats fed Se-supplemented diets with or without vitamin E. Furthermore, supplemental Se (0.5 ppm) prevented the growth depression and mortality caused by Ag in rats fed a diet lacking vitamin E, while increasing the Ag concentration of liver and kidney.
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PMID:Alleviation of silver toxicity by selenite in the rat in relation to tissue glutathione peroxidase. 112 24

Two breeds of commercial broiler chicks were used to investigate possible breed differences and to determine the effect of methionine and lysine on arginine requirements. Graded levels of arginine were added to a glucose-casein diet with or without added methionine and to a corn-soybean meal diet with and without added lysine and/or methionine. The arginine requirement of chicks receiving the glucose-casein diet with and without supplemental methionine was found to be 1.46 per cent and 1.55 per cent of the diet, respectively. No breed differences were found. When arginine was added to a corn-soy diet containing 1.53 per cent arginine, with or without supplemental methionine, no response was obtained indicating that this level of arginine was adequate. When this diet was supplemented with lysine to bring it up to the lysine level of the casein diet, a growth depression occurred which was overcome by the addition of 0.20 and 0.25 per cent arginine, respectively, in the absence and presence of supplemental methione. These levels of arginine exceeded the requirements determined for chicks fed the glucose-casein diet. In chicks fed the glucose-casein diet, muscle creatine increased with each level of added arginine with or without supplemental methionine. Creatinine excretion also increased with each level of added arginine in the absence of supplementary methionine but when methionine was added creatine excretion reached a plateau at the level of arginine which satisfied the chick's growth requirement.
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PMID:The effect of methionine and lysine levels on the arginine requirement of the chick. 116 68

Male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained for a period of 6 or 12 weeks on a basal vitamin E-dificient diet consisting of 70% sucrose, 20% vitamin-free casein, 4% tocopherol stripped lard, 4% salt mixture, and 2% tocopherol-free vitamin fortification mixture were used to compare two sets of commonly used salt mixtures (salt mixtures USP XIV versus Briggs' salt mixture) and two sets of vitamin fortification mixtures (NBC vitamin fortification mixture versus that of Weglicki). Among the rats maintained on the deficient diets for 6 weeks, only those that received the combination of salt mixture USP XIV and vitamin fortification mixture of Weglicki showed a significantly lower level of hepatic catalase activity compared to the corresponding control animals. While there were no significant changes in microsomal cytochromes at this time period, after 12 weeks on the deficient diet, a significant depression in these cytochromes was noted in all experimental groups except the one on salt mixture USP XIV and NBC vitamin fortification mixture. A similar decrease in hepatic catalase was observed in deficient animals at 12 weeks. Since the most striking differences in these diets are in their content of iron and menaquinone, it appears that these two dietary constituents may interact in modulating the effect of vitamin E on hepatic hemeproteins.
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PMID:Effects of different vitamin E-deficient basal diets on hepatic catalase and microsomal cytochromes P-450 and b5 in rats. 118 Feb 43

Effects of histidine or methionine imbalance and dietary levels (3-50%) of casein on food intake and preference of young, adult, and diabetic (2.5 month old) rats were examined. Depressions in food intake and growth caused by ingestion of the imbalanced diet were greatest in young rats and least or absent in diabetic rats. Alloxan diabetes induced hyperphagia and elevated concentrations of plasma branched-chain amino acids and decreased concentrations of tryptophan and tyrosine. The diabetic rats fed the imbalanced diet for 9 days had a higher concentration of the limiting amino acid in the plasma than the adult normal rats fed the same diet. The diabetic rats preferred the imbalanced diet over a protein-free diet when they were fed these diets concurrently. Ingestion of the imbalanced diet by normal rats caused greater changes in plasma and brain amino acid patterns than did the protein-free diet. Unlike the diabetic rats, the normal rats, especially the young rats, strongly preferred the protein-free diet over the imbalanced diet. The normal rats also preferred a 10% casein diet supplemented with L-methionine over a low or high casein diet. It seemed that young rats were able to select a protein diet that supported maximal growth when proportions of dietary amino acids were balanced. It also seemed that the susceptibility of the rats to amino acid imbalance varied directly with the status of overall protein synthesis of the animals.
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PMID:Effects of amino acid imbalance and protein content of diets on food intake and preference of young, adult, and diabetic rats. 119 6

Plasma taurine and serine decrease following trauma and in severe inflammatory disease. These changes may signify an increase in requirements for sulfur amino acids. We previously demonstrated that cysteine supplementation can restore the impaired ability of rats fed an 8% casein diet to increase hepatic zinc, glutathione (GSH) and protein concentrations in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). Here we examined whether serine or taurine produces a similar effect, because serine provides the carbon skeleton of cysteine and taurine is its major metabolite. After 7 d of receiving either a 20% casein diet supplemented with cysteine or an 8% casein diet supplemented with alanine, serine or taurine, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of human TNF alpha. Tumor necrosis factor caused no change in hepatic GSH but resulted in a lower GSH concentration in lung in rats fed the alanine-supplemented diet. Neither taurine nor serine increased liver GSH relative to that in rats fed alanine, but the depression in lung due to TNF injection was lessened. The absolute increase in ceruloplasmin in response to TNF was enhanced in rats fed the alanine-supplemented diet relative to those fed the 20% casein diet. Serine normalized this response. This observation--the effects of taurine and serine on lung GSH and a significant negative correlation between ceruloplasmin and liver and lung GSH concentration in rats fed TNF--suggests that supplemental serine and taurine may improve antioxidant defenses when dietary supplies of cysteine are low but do not influence cysteine availability for a normal response to TNF.
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PMID:Taurine and serine supplementation modulates the metabolic response to tumor necrosis factor alpha in rats fed a low protein diet. 137 44


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