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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The multifactorial, comprehensive description--as allowed by the AMDP scales--of two samples of depressed patients (95 endogenous vs. 86 nonendogenous according to ICD-9) illustrates a common pattern dominated by anxiety, depression, retardation and hostility but also significant differences: endogenous depressives reach higher Depression and Apathy-Retardation scores, whereas nonendogenous depressives have higher Dramatization and Hostility scores. The methodological aspects linked to the extraction of factorial profiles and the implications of the endogenous/nonendogenous differences are discussed.
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PMID:[AMDP profile of endogenous and non-endogenous depressions]. 361 71

In a clinically controlled double-blind study the effect of flunarizine (Sibelium) was compared with that of placebo in patients with involutional depression (WHO's International Classification of Diseases (ICD No. 296.0) and with cerebral circulatory disturbances (ICD No. 293.1). Effectiveness was objectified with the aid of the Clinical Global Impression test (CGI), the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE), and the "wellbeing tests" Bf-S and Bf-S'. Duration of treatment was 6 weeks. 32 patients were available for the final evaluation. In a combination of the good to excellent results considered as effective and the moderate to unsatisfactory results considered as ineffective the 82% rate of improvement in favour of the cerebral Ca2+ antagonist flunarizine was significantly superior to the 26% reached in the placebo group. The correlation with the psychopathometric tests has been proved. The medication was shown to be well tolerated. Side-effects did not appear. The mechanisms of action of the cerebral Ca2+ antagonist are discussed.
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PMID:[Clinical double blind study with the calcium antagonist flunarizine cerebral circulatory disturbances]. 390 38

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), CSF-vasopressin (AVP), plasma-AVP, CSF-osmolality, plasma-osmolality, CSF-adrenaline (A) and -noradrenaline (NA) were measured in psychiatric patients and controls. Psychiatric patients were classified according to ICD-9 and grouped into endogenous depression, non-endogenous depression, mania and schizophrenia. The depressive groups were classified according to the Newcastle Rating Scale for Depression 1965. Severity of disease was quantified by BRMES, BRMS and BPRS. No difference in CSF-TRH levels was seen among the different diagnostic groups and controls. A positive correlation between CSF-TRH and CSF-A was demonstrated. CSF-AVP concentrations were significantly lowered in both endogenous and non-endogenous depression; no correlation with CSF-A or -NA was seen. Neither did any difference between plasma levels of AVP, plasma-osmolality or CSF-osmolality appear among the groups investigated.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin--changes in depression. 393 7

The article surveys empirical studies on the relation between alcohol addiction and depression. For a better understanding and interpretation of the results of these empirical since the end of the 'sixties, the author presents first of all a brief historical abstract of the development of classification of depressive disorders and of the definition of alcoholism. In this article, the author restricts his comments to studies conducted since the end of the 'sixties, as self-rating scales or observers-rating scales or standardised interviews have been employed from that time for characterising the pattern of signs and symptoms and for diagnosis, and now widely used diagnostic schemas also became available (ICD-8, Feighner's criteria, DSM-II). For further clarification studies on genetic studies in the patients' families and on the premorbid personality of alcoholics and depressives are utilised for assessment. The results of these empirical studies are interpreted from the "diagnostic viewpoint" of the 'eighties (i.e. from the viewpoint of ICD-9 and DSM III). Suggestions for further research approach are given. The survey shows that depressive moods appear with greater frequency in patients with alcohol abuse or alcoholism who are under inpatient or outpatient treatment. However, such depressions are usually not very intensive; they will mostly subside towards the end of the treatment course. "Primary depression" and "secondary depression" are seen with an incidence rate far beyond the value expected if two diseases would merely coincide at random, in patient populations whenever alcoholism is involved. On the other hand, no increased prevalence rate for alcoholism was seen in first-degree relations of patients with "major depression" and "Bipolar I disorder", compared with a random sample of a healthy population and first-degree relations of such a random sample. To date we can say that a considerably increased incidence of alcohol abuse, but not of alcohol addiction, is definitely present in clinical populations of patients with bipolar disorders. However, because of the lack of studies which differentiate by means of operationalised criteria between manias and hypomanias and between alcohol addiction and alcohol abuse, it has not been clarified to the present time whether alcohol abuse found in these studies is mainly linked to manic/hypomanic or depressive phases, or whether the alcohol abuse is independent of these phases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Relation between alcoholism and depression based on a review of empirical studies]. 407 8

The possible predictive value of cortisol non-suppression by dexamethasone for therapeutic response to antidepressants was investigated both in "endogenous" and "neurotic" depression. Seventy-four female patients who fulfilled the RDC of Major Depressive Disorder (Study 1) and 44 female patients with the diagnosis of "Neurotic Depression" of ICD-9 (Study 2) were given DST and then treated with antidepressants, their clinical response being assessed after four weeks of drug treatment. Forty-three out of the 74 patients with Primary Major Depression were non-suppressor. The DST non-suppressors showed a significantly more frequent therapeutic response to maprotiline than to amitriptyline. DST suppressors, on the other hand, responded better to amitriptyline treatment than non-suppressors. In the neurotic depression group 23 patients were subclassified as Primary Minor Depression, and 52% of them showed non-suppressor response to DST. Twenty-one patients were diagnosed as Secondary Depression, with a history of chronic neurosis. One patient only (5%) was the non-suppressor. Patients with Primary Minor Depression showed good therapeutic response to antidepressants more frequently, than patients with Secondary Depression.
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PMID:Dexamethasone suppression test as a predictor of drug treatment response. 615 43

In the present study the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS), originally constructed for patients with neurotic anxiety, has been applied to patients with diagnosis of depressive disorders. The inter-rater reliability and homogeneity are evaluated and total scale score has been correlated to the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (BRMES). Twenty-two patients entered the study, 13 with endogenous depressions, and 9 with non-endogenous depressions when classified according to the ICD-8. For both scales the inter-rater reliability was found statistically significant. Concerning the homogeneity of the HAS, statistical significance was obtained for 7 items reflecting psychic anxiety, whereas in the BRMES statistical significance was found in all items apart from 2. Total scale score on HAS correlated positively with total score on BRMES for all 2 patients. However, when the patients were classified according to the ICD-8 this correlation seemed to be due to the endogenously depressed group as no significant correlation was seen for the group of non-endogenous depression. On the other hand, when the patients were classified according to the MULTI-CLAD system no significant intercorrelation of the HAS and BRMES scores was found within the subtypes of depression.
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PMID:The Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Evaluation of homogeneity and inter-observer reliability in patients with depressive disorders. 622 96

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were studied in patients with endogenous depression, non-endogenous depression, mania, schizophrenia and a control group. All patients were classified according to ICD-9 and the group of depressions was further classified according to the Newcastle Rating Scales for depression (Carney et al. 1965) (N-I). In the group of non-endogenously depressed patients, CSF-VIP levels (median 16 pmol/l) were found to be significantly lower than those of controls (median = 32 pmol/l) and endogenous depressives (36 pmol/l). In the non-endogenous group, it appeared that the low CSF-VIP was due to a group of patients who, during a past or present depressive episode, had been diagnosed as suffering from endogenous depression. Moreover, this group was clinically characterized by 'dysphoric/hysterical features', 'reversed diurnal variation' (i.e. worse in the evening), and 'lack of clearly circumscribed episodes'. In many aspects this group seems similar to the atypical depressives described as monoamine oxidase inhibitor responders. Concerning CSF-CCK and CSF-gastrin, no significant differences between the examined groups were demonstrated.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide decreased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in atypical depression. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, cholecystokinin and gastrin in CSF in psychiatric disorders. 624 Dec 14

The author presents the classical nosology of depressive states, with its five main categories (depression belonging to the manic-depressive psychosis, involutional organic-symptomatic, psychogenic, depressive personality disorder). He comments on the two recent modifications: distinction between the unipolar and bipolar forms, suppression of the category of involutional depression. He presents finally the two modern nosological systems, ICD 9, a relatively traditional nosology, and DSM III whose fundamental principles and categories are discussed.
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PMID:[The nosology of depressions (author's transl)]. 626 83

In a double-blind study the clinical symptomatology and quantitatively analyzed EEG of 42 hospitalized chronic alcoholics (ICD 303) undergoing alcohol withdrawal were investigated before, during and after 3 weeks' treatment with 2 pharmacokinetically different benzodiazepines: the short-acting lopirazepam (a new pyridodiazepine) and the long-acting prazepam. At the end of weeks 1 and 3 the titrated optimal daily doses were 24 and 23 mg lopirazepam and 35 and 32 prazepam, respectively, thus confirming our earlier pharmaco-EEG predictions that on a mg to mg basis the former drug is slightly more CNS potent than the latter. Thereafter, the patient population was divided into 6 subgroups: 2 groups continuing on active medication, 2 groups receiving placebo, and 2 groups with no pharmacotherapy for 1 week. Clinical assessments included the CGI, the Hamilton Anxiety Score, the Zung Self-Rating Scale for Anxiety and Depression, the Zerssen Befindlichkeitsskala and the questionnaire for somatic findings and side effect and were carried out on days 0, 7, 21 and 28 as was a radioreceptor assay for benzodiazepines in plasma. Quantitative EEG investigations were carried out on days 0, 21 and 28 and included recordings before and 2 h after one single dose of 10 mg. Statistical analysis demonstrated a marked and highly significant decrease in psychopathology as well as good drug tolerance at the end of the first week of therapy and thereafter a slight continuation in improvement until the end of the 3rd week. There were, however, no statistically significant differences between the 2 active compounds, nor were there any statistically significant differences between the 6 subgroups in the 4th week. On the other hand, blood level investigations demonstrated that even after a 3-week treatment period, blood levels dropped down to a morning minimum 12 h after the last evening medication of the short-acting lopirazepam, while plasma levels of the long-acting prazepam remained high. This was also reflected in the spectral analyzed EEG, which showed, after one single dosage of both drugs, a typical anxiolytic profile which was more pronounced after lopirazepam than prazepam, while after the chronic administration (12 h after the evening medication) only prazepam showed an anxiolytic profile. The lopirazepam-treated patients exhibited on the one hand a lack of benzodiazepine-specific alterations, but showed on the other hand EEG changes possibly reflecting clinical improvement. The relevance of the findings will be discussed.
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PMID:Clinical symptomatology and computer analyzed EEG before, during and after anxiolytic therapy of alcohol withdrawal patients. 635 68

The risks of various psychiatric illnesses among the first-degree relatives of 160 surgical control patients were estimated. Morbidity risks were calculated separately for males and females because of previous findings showing significant sex differences for certain diagnoses. The findings, based on ICD-9 criteria, demonstrate a significantly higher risk of depression, neurosis, and organic brain syndrome in females than in males. The risk of alcoholism was significantly higher in males.
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PMID:Psychiatric disorders among relatives of surgical controls. 648 May 65


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