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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The severity of depression, the presence and intensity of suicidal feelings, and the outcome of depressive illness treated in general practice were studied. The results suggest that a consideration of the relatively good outcome at 16 to 18 weeks alone is misleading. At least one in six new patients is suffering from a depression of moderately severe intensity and a similar proportion experience suicidal ideas that are persistent and require active rejection. A sample of patients with chronic depression had only a slightly smaller morbidity. The presence of moderately severe symptoms of depression in both groups of patients has important implications for treatment.
J R Coll Gen Pract 1977 Jul
PMID:The severity of depression in patients treated in general practice. 89 41

We have examined 144 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and found a high prevalence of depression, which has not previously been reported.It is probable that good practitioners who see patients at home acquire a better understanding of the social and psychological aspects of such an illness. The presence of depression was statistically significant when associated with the articular index, the degree of functional impairment, and with dependence on others, but not with many other medical and social factors.
J R Coll Gen Pract 1977 Jul
PMID:Depression in rheumatoid arthritis. 89 42

This report completes a series of studies conducted in Denmark comparing drinking patterns and psychopathology in adopted and nonadopted children of alcoholics. Sons of alcoholics had higher rates of alcoholism than controls, whether raised by their alcoholic parents or by foster parents. They did not have more psychopathology otherwise. Daughters of alcoholics, adopted and nonadopted, had a higher rate of alcoholism than was the expected frequency in the general population, but so did controls in the adopted group; neither group had higher rates of other psychopathology, eg, depression. However, daughters of alcoholics raised by their biological parents had significantly more depression.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977 Sep
PMID:Psychopathology in adopted and nonadopted daughters of alcoholics. 90 Nov 32

This study investigates the impact of life events on symptom configuration in a group of 132 posthospitalized schizophrenics living in the community. Multivariate techniques were used to isolate specific dimensions of symptoms and to study the influence of life events, viewed in terms of number, the psychological control dimension, and qualitative nature, in contrast to other factors thought to determine symptoms. Life events exert their greatest influence on nonpsychotic symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and somatic concerns. Aspects of psychotic behavior such as gradiosity, delusions, and looseness of associations appear to be somewhat vulnerable to the impact of life events, particularly those events that are undesirable, social losses, and beyond individual psychological control. We discuss the findings in relation to the issue of causal effect in the study of life events and psychiatric impairment.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977 Oct
PMID:Life events and schizophrenia. II. Impact of life events and symptom configuration. 91 Dec 23

This study describes the effect of hypertonic solutions on isolated muscle fibers of Callinectes danae. Solutions of twice normal tonicity (2.0 T) inhibit both the normal graded membrane responses and the spikes induced by procaine, tetraethylammonium, or barium. The inhibition is maintained throughout exposure to hypertonic solutions prepared by addition of impermeant solutes such as NaCl, sucrose, or Tris-propionate, but is reversible on their withdrawal. In the presence of permeant solutes such as glycerol or acetamide, the inhibition is transient. In both cases the onset of inhibition of the depolarizing Ca electrogenesis is correlated with shrinkage of the fiber. In the case of permeant solutes, the time course of recovery of the graded responses or the spikes follows the recovery of the fiber volume. Changes in the passive electrical characteristics of the fibers due to hypertonic solutions were unrelated to the blockade of membrane Ca activation. The current-voltage relationship in hypertonic sollution revealed no increase in depolarizing K activation. Inhibition of the graded membrane responses and spikes appears to be associated with depression of Ca conductance. Hypertonic solutions might affect the activation of Ca conductance through reduction of the electric field generated by fixed negative surface charges and/or morphological changes in the T tubules. Membrane depolarization elicited little or no tension in 2.0 T solutions while caffeine contracture (10 mM) with an ampliture of 76% of the maximal contractile ability could still be elicited. This indicates that direct effects of hypertonic solutions on the contractile apparatus were not responsible for loss of tension. The latter is attributed to the inhibition of the transmembrane Ca currents.
J Gen Physiol 1977 Oct
PMID:Inhibition by hypertonic solutions of Ca-dependent electrogenesis in single crab muscle fibers. 91 72

Anxiety, depression, anger, quilt, and shame following induced abortion were studied in 102 patients over 4 time intervals. The study was made before the Supreme Court decision liberalizing abortion when the major therapeutic indication was that the pregnancy would be emotionally damaging to the health of the mother. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and Symptom Rating Scale (SRS) tests were given at the preabortion interview, the POMS and SRS were given in the hospital within 24 hours and at 6 weeks, and all 3 tests were given at 6 months. Levels of all 5 variables dropped immediately after abortion, then rose slightly at 6 weeks, remaining constant at 6 months. Anger, depression, and anxiety generally rose to higher levels at 6 weeks than did quilt and shame. At 6 months, levels for all of these feelings are significantly lower than preabortion (p less than .001). Comparable affects measured by the psychological tests showed a sharp decrease postabortion (p less than .001). Further study was done of 24 subgroups of variables characterized by the headings: demographic factors; mental health and diagnosis; personal relationships; and current pregnancy. Anxiety was the only affect that differed with race or previous illegitimate pregnancy. Black women and those who have had previous illegitimate children show less anziety. White women show a higher level of guilt, but this does not reach significance. Women in low-status employment show the highest levels of housewives and high-status working women were in the middle range. Housewives and low-status working women had the highest levels of anger. Students scored lowest on all variables. Previous mental health was directly related to depression, anxiety, and anger but not guilt or shame. Those who had negative relationships with either her mother or the father of the child had the greatest levels of anger and depression. Those with negative or ambivalent relationships with their children experienced significantly greater depression and shame. Those who had the most ambivilent feelings toward abortion also had the greatest number of negative feelings. A religions or cultural background strongly negative toward abortion and sexuality also led to greater conflict. This information can be used to identify those individuals most likely to benefit from additional support and from brief selective psychotherapy modeled on crisis-intervention techniques.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976 Jun
PMID:Outcome following therapeutic abortion. 93 92

The side-effects encountered by 1,090 patients taking the oral contraceptive pill were reviewed. The main side-effects were migraine, headaches, weight gain, depression, and irregular bleeding. Reasons for changing the Pill are discussed, and recommendations are suggested for a way of monitoring patients taking the Pill. Analysis of the results show that 50 per cent of patients are happy with their first Pill, and that the 30 microgram pill produces fewer side-effects.
J R Coll Gen Pract 1976 Jul
PMID:A retrospective survey of over 1,000 patients on oral contraceptives in a group practice. 95 17

The treatments of 519 depressed patients hospitalized from 1959 to 1969 were compared in a three-year follow-up study with particular reference to mortality. The electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) group had a significantly lower mortality than the inadequate antidepressant treatment group (P less than .05) and the group that received neither ECT nor antidepressants (P less than .025). Although the adequate antidepressant treatment group had a low mortality, statistically significant differences between this and other treatment groups could not be documented. Nonsuicidal deaths (P less than .005), and particularly myocardial infarctions (P less than .01), were significantly more frequent in the inadequately treated group compared to the adequately treated group. The superiority of adequate treatment is especially striking among men and among the older age groups. The results underscore the importance of adequate treatment of depression, especially in the older man.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976 Sep
PMID:Mortality in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants. 96 87

The regulation of hypothalamopituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in depressed patients was studied by a midnight dexamethasone suppression test. By using an observation period of 24 hours postadministration of dexamethasone, a graded series of abnormal test responses was identified. Depressed patients show abnormal early escape from suppression rather than absolute resistance to HPA suppression by dexamethasone. With increasing severity of depression, this escape occurs progressively more early on the day after administration of dexamethasone. These abnormalities were strongly related to the presence of HPA hyperactivity before dexamethasone was given. The essential disturbance of neuroendocrine regulation in depression is a failure of the normal brain inhibitory influence on the HPA system. This disinhibition of HPA activity suggests that there is an abnormal limbic system drive on the HPA axis in primary depressive illness.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976 Sep
PMID:Neuroendocrine regulation in depression. I. Limbic system-adrenocortical dysfunction. 96 88

Forty-two patients with endogenomorphic depression (ED) and 42 patients with other psychiatric disorders received an overnight dexamethasone test of hypothalamopituitary-adrenal (HPA) suppressibility. Plasma and urinary cortisol measures showed that the ED patients had significantly greater HPA activity before dexamethasone and less complete HPA suppression after dexamethasone. High cortisol vlaues after dexamethasone correlated strongly with spontaneous HPA disinhibition, as indicated by high baseline midnight plasma cortisol levels. Criteria for defining normal suppression responses were developed. All patients with depressive neuroses and most patients with other nondepressive disorders had completely normal responses to dexamethasone. About half of the ED patients had abnormal responses, whether or not they were receiving other drugs at the time of the test. Drug-free patients with depressive neuroses or other disorders showed no abnormal responses to dexamethasone. The effects of psychotropic drugs on the test require further study. Patients with two or more abnormal cortisol values after administration of dexamethasone were identified correctly as ED at confidence levels close to 100%. The dexamethasone suppression test may be of value as a laboratory aid in the diagnosis of "endogenous" depression.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976 Sep
PMID:Neuroendocrine regulation in depression. II. Discrimination of depressed from nondepressed patients. 96 89


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