Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Discharge patterns in postganglionic neurones to muscle and to hairy skin of the hindlimb of chloralose anaesthetized cats were investigated during electrical hypothalamic stimulation which induced either vasoconstriction or atropine sensitive vasodilation in the skeletal muscle. 2. Spontaneously active postganglionic neurones to muscle were activated both during hypothalamically induced vasoconstriction and active vasodilation. Stimulation of the hypothalamic vasodilator area induced mostly a sequence of activation-depression-activation in these neurones. Stimulation of cutaneous Group IV afferents elicited reflexes in these neurones; repetitive high frequency stimulation of large diameter afferents in the vago-depressor nerve produced depression of spontaneous activity followed by a post-inhibitory excitation. The characteristics of these neurones fit those that would be expected of vasoconstrictors. 3. Normally inactive postganglionic neurones to skeletal muscle could only be activated during hypothalamically induced atropine sensitive vasodilation. These neurones exhibit no reflexes on somatic stimulation. The axons of these neurones conduct faster than those of the spontaneously active postganglionic neurones. It is likely that they are cholinergic vasodilator neurones. 4. Most of the cutaneous postganglionic neurones to hairy skin were activated during stimulation of both the hypothalamic vasoconstrictor and the vasodilator areas. These neurones have the characteristics of cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurones. Part of the cutaneous not spontaneously active postganglionic neurones could neither be activated from the hypothalamus nor by somatic stimuli.
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PMID:Activation and inhibition of muscle and cutaneous postganglionic neurones to hindlimb during hypothalamically induced vasoconstriction and atropine-sensitive vasodilation. 94 66

Fifteen patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) were treated with deoxycoformycin (pentostatin; dCF) (4 mg/m2 intravenous [IV] every week x 3) and recombinant interferon-alpha 2a (rIFN-alpha 2a) (3 x 10(6) units subcutaneously [SC] daily x 4 weeks) in alternating months for a total of 14 months. Eleven patients had undergone splenectomy; four had received prior systemic therapy with chlorambucil and/or steroids. All 15 are evaluable for toxicity and peripheral blood response, while 14 are assessable for bone marrow response. Toxicity was tolerable with grade 3 or 4 nausea and vomiting in three patients, neutropenic fevers in five, transient but significant depression in eight, and localized cutaneous herpes zoster in four. Circulating hairy cells were undetectable by the end of the first month in 10 of 13 patients, and by the end of the second month in the other three. Fourteen patients had bilateral bone marrow biopsies performed at baseline after 6 months of treatment, at the end of treatment (14 months), and at 6-month intervals during follow-up. Before treatment, all patients had hypercellular marrows with hairy cels replacing normal marrow elements; all showed at least a 95% clearing of their hairy cell infiltrate by 6 months of therapy. However, small collections of residual hairy cells could be detected intermittently on at least one side of bilateral samples in all patients. All patients have completed treatment with a median duration of follow-up off therapy of 27 months (range, 15 to 31 months). To date, all peripheral counts and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL2R) levels remain stable, and no patient has had progression of the hairy cell infiltrate in the bone marrow. Although no patient achieved a pathologic complete response, alternating monthly cycles of dCF and rIFN-alpha 2a produced durable partial remissions (PRs) in all patients. Continued follow-up is required to determine the length of such remissions.
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PMID:Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with alternating cycles of pentostatin and recombinant leukocyte A interferon: results of a phase II study. 231 37

Single and multiple infections of carrot discs were carried out with Agrobacterium strains harbouring different segments of pRi1855 TL-DNA cloned in the binary vector Bin 19 and with a strain carrying the TR-DNA from the same Ri plasmid. Roots induced by the various co-inoculations were cultured and their growth patterns were followed. Abundant roots could be induced by TL-DNA rol genes A, B and C as a single insert (rolA + B + C) and by rolB alone provided an extended segment beyond its 5' non-coding region was included in the construction. A depression of rooting capability was caused by the inclusion of rolC together with rolB (rolB + C). In all cases co-inoculation with the Agrobacterium carrying TR-DNA-borne auxin genes was necessary for root induction since none of the rol constructions was in itself capable of eliciting any response; an exceeding majority of these roots were however shown to contain rol genes but no TR-DNA. Rooting was also elicited if rol constructions were co-inoculated with a strain carrying TL-DNA genes 13 and 14 (ORF13 + 14) instead of the TR-DNA strain. These roots were shown to contain both rol genes and ORF13 + 14. Striking differences in growth properties were shown by roots containing different complements of TL-DNA genes. Typical hairy root traits, high growth rate, branching and, most noticeably, absence of geotropism, were shown by roots containing rolB alone, while roots with rolA + B + C were geotropic as normal carrot roots. Hairy root traits were conferred to rolA + B + C roots by the concomitant presence of ORF13 + 14 and by the addition of auxin to the culture medium. A model is presented which attempts to rationalize the growth patterns by assigning interplaying roles to the various TL-DNA genes involved.
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PMID:Induction and growth properties of carrot roots with different complements of Agrobacterium rhizogenes T-DNA. 256 59

Forty-six bone marrow biopsies from twelve hairy cell leukemia (HCL) patients, treated with either interferon(IFN)-alpha-2 (n = 8) or 2'deoxycoformycin(DCF) (n = 4), were examined using cryostat sections and an immunoperoxidase technique. Using this sensitive method we were able to demonstrate residual hairy cell (HC) infiltration in five cases, in which evaluation with conventional staining techniques on plastic embedded biopsies revealed complete remission. The amount of HCs in these five samples ranged from 1 to 7% (mean: 3%) of bone marrow cells. Consecutive biopsies in individual HCL patients revealed no changes of the immunological phenotype (CD19, CD22, CD25, CD10, CD11c, FMC7, HLA-DR, surface immunoglobulins) during IFN and DCF treatment. Within the infiltrated bone marrow a considerable number of "reactive" T lymphocytes was identified with prevalence of the T-helper (CD4+) subtype in untreated cases, whereas T-suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8+) cells were within the normal range. IFN treatment resulted in a reduction of CD4+ T lymphocytes (p less than 0.02). Minor alterations of CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells (HNK-1 + lymphoid cells) were found in bone marrow during IFN treatment. In DCF-treated patients bone marrow T lymphocytes were markedly reduced below the values of normal bone marrow. This DCF-induced T-cell depression might be related to the clinical observation of persistent cellular immune dysfunctions in HCL patients despite a DCF-induced remission.
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PMID:Immunohistological assessment of bone marrow biopsies from patients with hairy cell leukemia: changes following treatment with alpha-2-interferon and deoxycoformycin. 278 47

The effects on activity in the masseter muscle of applying electrical stimuli to discrete areas within the mouth or on peri-oral skin were studied electromyographically in 8 subjects. In all subjects, the intra-oral stimuli produced two phases of depressed masseteric activity with mean latencies of 14 ms and 47 ms. By contrast, this shorter latency response was generally not obtained with peri-oral stimuli: responses evoked from vermilion-border skin had an intermediate latency (mean 25 ms) and consisted of either one or two periods of depressed activity, while the responses to stimulation of the hairy skin of the lip generally consisted of a single phase of depressed activity, the time course of which was similar to the later phase produced by intra-oral stimuli (mean latency, 48 ms). These findings were consistently obtained with both single and short trains of electrical stimuli and contrast with reports that intra- and peri-oral stimuli produce similar reflexes. The finding that the short-latency reflex depression of masseteric activity could be evoked only by stimulating nerves supplying intra-oral tissues is consistent with the notion that this reflex may play a role in functions such as mastication, and indeed may indicate that the reflex exists specifically for such a purpose.
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PMID:A comparison of reflex depressions of activity in jaw-closing muscles evoked by intra- and peri-oral stimuli in man. 325 91

Serial in vitro immune function studies of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were carried out during the long-term treatment with recombinant interferon-alpha 2 (IFN-alpha 2) in a patient with hairy-cell leukemia (HCL). Parameters of B- and T-cell functions as well as NK-cell activity were determined. Treatment with IFN-alpha 2 is associated with temporary and long-term depression of some immune functions, but can also normalize immune responses: in vitro-induced immunoglobulin synthesis, which was normal at diagnosis, was inhibited during the first weeks of IFN therapy but subsequently rose to normal levels. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogens and antigens that were markedly reduced pretherapeutically were further depressed by IFN treatment but, with the exception of pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced responses, normalized completely by the 15th to 17th week of treatment. Cocultivation of PBMC with monocytes from normal individuals enhanced depressed lymphocyte proliferative responses. NK-cell activity, which was low at diagnosis, did not rise to the normal range during IFN treatment, but rapidly normalized when IFN therapy was stopped. A discussion is presented on the implications of the alteration of immune functions by treatment with IFN.
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PMID:Modulation of immune functions by long-term treatment with recombinant interferon-alpha 2 in a patient with hairy-cell leukemia. 325 51

The sensory innervation of the maxillary hairy skin and buccal mucous membrane was studied in anaesthetised sheep and goats. An electrophysiological technique isolated 47 single afferent units from the infraorbital nerve under chloralose or halothane anaesthesia. Mechanoreceptors of hairy skin were located in association with the following features: sinus hairs (n = 9); central primary hairs (n = 18); clear marginal hairs (n = 7) and skin-not-hair (n = 3). Units responded to hair tip displacement of 35 to 50 microm. Afferent units were also located in the mucous membrane of the cheek either associated with conical papillae (n = 8), or unassociated with papillae (n = 1). Receptor responses associated with hairs were classified as rapidly adapting (n = 18) and slowly adapting (n = 18) mechanoreceptor responses during sustained hair deflection. Seven mechanoreceptors of hairy skin and mucous membrane were excited by a fall in surface temperature. Two specific cold thermoreceptors were found: one in hairy skin and one in the mucous membrane. These units had phasic discharges during abrupt thermal depression and static discharges at constant surface temperatures. All afferent units had myelinated axons as indicated by their conduction velocities (range 20 to 57 m sec-1, mean 34 m sec-1). It is concluded that the mechanoreceptors identified had similarities with those of other mammalian species and some distinct differences. An interesting feature of mechanoreceptors in the buccal mucosa was their cold sensitivity. They therefore shared characteristics with mechanoreceptors in the penile mucosa of the ram and tongue of the sheep.
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PMID:The afferent innervation of the face of sheep and goats. 362 76

Lumbar preganglionic neurons, which projected in the lumbar splanchnic nerves and were probably involved in regulating motility of colon and pelvic organs (motility-regulating, MR neurons), were analyzed for their discharge patterns. The responses of the neurons to the following stimuli were tested: stimulation of arterial baro- and chemoreceptors and of afferents from the urinary bladder, colon, mucosal skin of the anus and perianal hairy skin. The following findings were made: a total of 131 preganglionic neurons were classified as MR neurons; these reacted to natural stimulation of at least one of the afferent inputs from the urinary bladder, colon and anal and perianal skin. The ongoing activity of these neurons did not correlate with the cardiac cycle or the cycle of the artificial ventilation. Most of them did not respond to an increase of blood pressure produced by i.v. injection of adrenaline or noradrenaline; some showed a weak depression or weak excitation which, in the time course, was untypical for visceral vasoconstrictor neurons. Stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors either did not influence MR neurons or produced only a secondary response owing to contraction of the urinary bladder. Ninety-seven preganglionic MR neurons could be subclassified: MR1 neurons were excited by distension and contraction of the urinary bladder and/or inhibited by distension and contraction of the colon (n = 61), a few were excited from both organs (n = 4); MR2 neurons were inhibited by distension and contraction of the urinary bladder and/or excited by distension and contraction of the colon (n = 32). Ninety-five out of 121 MR neurons (78.5%) were excited, 10 (8%) were inhibited and 16 (13%) not influenced by mechanical shearing stimuli applied to the mucosal skin of the anus. Most neurons which were excited by anal stimulation were not influenced by mechanical stimulation of the perianal (perigenital) skin. Twenty-eight per cent of the MR neurons (18 out of 64) were excited or inhibited upon stimulation of perianal skin. A few of these (7 out of 64 neurons, 11%) were involved in reflex responses which were different from those elicited from anal skin. At present no further consistent subclassification of MR1 and MR2 neurons appears possible on the basis of the excitatory and inhibitory anal and perianal reflexes. The results show that the population of visceral preganglionic neurons, which are probably involved in regulation of motility of colon and pelvic organs, is not homogeneous and probably consists of several subpopulations.
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PMID:Functional characterization of preganglionic neurons projecting in the lumbar splanchnic nerves: neurons regulating motility. 395 32

Cladribine is an effective therapy for hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), but the standard regime is frequently complicated by neutropenic fever and prolonged T-cell depression. We studied 102 patients with active HCL following treatment with various doses of cladribine given for 7 d. Two patients received 1 mg cladribine/m2/d without toxicity or effect. Eight subsequent patients received 2 mg cladribine/m2/d, and normalized cytopenia as quickly as 94 control patients receiving a standard dose (3.4 mg/m2 or 0.085 mg/kg), with significantly less lymphopenia and a similar complete remission rate.
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PMID:Low-dose cladribine for symptomatic hairy cell leukaemia. 773 67

1. Reflex patterns were analyzed in spontaneously active postganglionic vasoconstrictor neurons supplying skeletal muscle [muscle vasoconstrictor (MVC) neurons] and hairy skin [cutaneous vasoconstrictor (CVC) neurons] of the rat hindlimb. Postganglionic activity was recorded from single units and from filaments containing the axons of several spontaneously active neurons (multiunit preparations). The animals were freely breathing or artificially ventilated and maintained, in different experiments, under three different types of anesthesia (pentobarbital, chloralose, urethan). Reflexes were elicited by stimulation of arterial baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, cutaneous nociceptors, and cold receptors and visceral receptors from urinary bladder and colon. 2. Spontaneous activity of single postganglionic neurons ranged from 0.3 to 3.6 imp/s (median 1.15 imp/s and 1.0 imp/s in MVC and CVC neurons, respectively). Postganglionic axons conducted at 0.56 +/- 0.15 m/s (mean +/- SD, MVC neurons) and 0.53 +/- 0.11 m/s (CVC neurons). There was almost no difference in the rate of spontaneous activity under the three anesthetics used and whether the animals were artificially ventilated or breathing freely. 3. Stimulation of arterial baroreceptors by increasing arterial blood pressure by > 30 mmHg with intravenous injections of phenylephrine or angiotensin led to a depression of the activity in almost all vasoconstrictor neurons. In simultaneous recordings, with an identical increase of blood pressure, the magnitude of inhibition was greater in MVC neurons than in CVC neurons. Phasic stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors by the pulse pressure wave evoked a pronounced cardiac rhythmicity in the activity of the majority of MVC neurons (78%), but in only a small fraction of CVC neurons (18%). In most CVC neurons the cardiac rhythmicity was weak (33%) or absent (49%). When quantified the difference in the degree of cardiac rhythmicity between simultaneously recorded MVC and CVC neurons was highly significant (P < 0.001). 4. Noxious mechanical stimulation of skin of the ipsilateral hindpaw activated 20/35 MVC preparations (57%) and inhibited 25/47 CVC preparations (53%). Some CVC neurons (19%) were also activated, whereas the remainder of neurons were not affected. The quality of responses to noxious stimulation was correlated with the degree of cardiac rhythmicity that the sympathetic neurons displayed in their activity. A similar reciprocal response pattern in CVC and MVC neurons, albeit less pronounced, was observed to intense cold stimuli (chlor-ethyl spray) applied to the hindlimb. 5. This reciprocal pattern of the responses of MVC and CVC neurons was not observed when nociceptors from the contralateral hindlimb were stimulated and when cold stimuli were applied to the abdominal skin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Reflex patterns in postganglionic neurons supplying skin and skeletal muscle of the rat hindlimb. 788 55


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