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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Male rats were raised from birth in either continuous light (LL) or in 14 h light/10 h dark per day (LD) at 22 +/- 1 degree C. Food and water were administered ad libitum. Groups of rats were killed by decapitation at 14, 20, 25, 35, 41, 45, 51, 55, 58, 63, and 79 days of age. Testicular (TW), ventral prostate (VPW), and seminal vesicle (SVW) weights were measured. Serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and androgens were quantified by radioimmunoassay. Results indicate no significant change in TW or spermatogenesis. Spermatozoa were first seen in the lumen of 10% of seminiferous tubules at 35 days of age in both LD and LL rats and by 42 days of age, 80% of tubules from both LD and LL rats contained spermatozoa in the lumen. A highly significant depression in accessory structure development (VPW, SVW) was observed as a result of LL exposure. Serum FSH levels in LL rats were depressed on days 45, 51, 55, and 58 but elevated at 79. Serum PRL concentrations were elevated in LL rats on days 41, 55, 58, 63, and 79, whereas serum androgen levels were depressed on days 58, 63, and 79. Results suggest that exposure to LL results in delayed maturation of the accessory structures in the reproductive system of the male rat possibly as a result of reduced FSH or elevated PRL levels, which in turn may modify the rate and pattern of LH and/or androgen secretion.
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PMID:Sexual maturation of male rats in continuous light. 62 41

This study was conducted on 30 healthy soldiers to observe EEG changes during acclimatization to high altitude. Of these subjects, 10 were lowlanders (LL), 10 were acclimatized low landers (AL), and 10 10 were high-altitude natives (HAN). The EEG was recorded by the 10-20 international system of electrode placement in LL at sea level (SL) during rest and hyperventilation (HV). Then they were air-lifted to an altitude of 3500 m where periodic recordings of EEG were made for 4 weeks. For comparison, the altitude recordings were also made in AL and HAN. The quantitative analysis of EEG (occipital) was done to determine alpha index (AI) and average amplitude. The mean AI was 25.5% at SL in LL, which changed to 45.7%, 15.8%, 28.0%, 30.3%, and 33.2% on days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. The average amplitude was 17.3 microV at SL, which changed to 23.3 microV, 11.8 microV, 16.2 microV, 17.3 microV, and 19.8 microV on days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. In two subjects, spiking was seen along with the desynchronized pattern of EEG on days 7 and 14. The AI and average amplitude of AL and HAN were significantly more than those of LL. The magnitude of buildup during HV was greater at altitude. These results indicate that there is cerebral cortical depression in the initial phase of induction which changes to cortical desyncronization in the latter part of the first week of induction. During acclimatization, there is gradual buildup of EEG waves, as observed in AL and HAN.
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PMID:Changes in EEG pattern during acclimatization to high altitude (3500 m) in man. 67 48

Lymphocyte transformation in response to PHA, M. leprae and BCG with the use of measurements of 3H-thymidine uptake, was studied in 10 normal controls, and 71 leprosy patients of different types histologically classified according to the Ridley-Jopling scale. Lepromin and PPD tests were done in each one of them. It was found that there was a generalized depression of immune responsiveness to PHA in all forms of leprosy. The immune responsiveness of lymphocytes to M. leprae continuously and gradually increases from the lepromatous (LL) towards the tuberculoid (TT) end of the spectrum. The loss of immune response of lymphocytes from lepromatous patients to M. leprae is specific as evidenced by their capacity to respond selectively to BCG when PPD-positive, irrespective of their place in the leprosy spectrum.
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PMID:Evaluation of cell mediated immunity in the histopathologic spectrum of leprosy using lymphocyte transformation test. 77 62

Tumors are known to produce factors suppressing macrophage function. In this study we demonstrated in vitro suppression of macrophage chemiluminescent oxidative burst associated with viable cells and cell-free extracts of two urological neoplasms--murine renal cell carcinoma (Renca) and murine bladder tumor (MBT). Suppression was reversed by extracts of two Chinese medicinal herbs, Astragalus membranaceus (AM) and Ligustrum lucidum (LL). Murine macrophage cell line J774 was incubated with either the viable tumor cells or the cell-free tumor extract for 18 hours at 37C and 5% CO2. Chemiluminescent oxidative burst as an indicator of macrophage function was triggered by adding zymosan A suspension containing luminol and assayed in an automated luminometer. Photon emission over time was counted and the results were expressed as integrated photon emission. Significant dose-related depression of oxidative burst occurred with either the viable tumor cells or the cell-free tumor extracts. Depression was partially or completely reversed by the presence of 50-100 micrograms./ml. of either the AM or the LL extract. AM and LL have previously been shown to modulate immune response. Data from this study suggest that they may also exert their antitumor activity via abolition of tumor-associated macrophage suppression.
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PMID:Chinese medicinal herbs reverse macrophage suppression induced by urological tumors. 185 58

101 patients belonging to different types of leprosy were investigated for PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation in peripheral blood. There was a significant depression (P < 0.05) in blastogenesis in borderline (BB), borderline lepromatous (BL) and lepromatous (LL) patients. On the other hand, tuberculoid (TT) and borderline tuberculoid (BT) patients did not show any alteration in PHA-induced blastogenesis (P > 0.05) when compared to normal. The significance of these findings have been discussed.
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PMID:Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced transformation of peripheral blood-lymphocytes in leprosy patients. 696 19

Physical work capacity is reduced in sea level residents--lowlanders (LL) as compared to high altitude residents--highlanders (HL). To determine possible etiologies, cardiac performance was studied in two groups of healthy male volunteers (13 LL and 11 HL) utilizing systolic time intervals during rest, submaximal and maximal exercise. The LL were studied at sea level and subsequently during 10 days of residence at an altitude of 3658 m. The HL were studied at high altitude alone. The LL were restudied 30-45 min after administration of intravenous furosemide at high altitude. Mean maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was reduced by 26% in the LL group at high altitude in comparison to sea level values and by 20% in relation to the HL group. Cardiac performance was estimated by the pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio. This index was significantly increased in the LL group at high altitude in comparison to sea level values during submaximal and maximal exercise (P less than 0.01). Intravenous furosemide in the LL group increased the heart rate (P less than 0.05) at rest and during exercise but VO2max and cardiac performance were unchanged. It is hypothesized that reduced physical work capacity at high altitude in the LL group may be related to depression of cardiac performance in these subjects. Administration of intravenous furosemide did not influence cardiac performance in the LL group at high altitude.
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PMID:Reduced physical work capacity at high altitude--a role for left ventricular dysfunction. 733 22

Neonatal treatment with monoamine reuptake inhibitors results in a constellation of neurobehavioral alterations in adult rats that may model human depression. Since alterations in circadian rhythmicity have been reported in both depressed patients and in animal depression models, the present study examined the effects of neonatal desipramine treatment (5.0 mg/kg SC from postnatal day 7 through 22) on free-running circadian drinking rhythms. Rhythmicity was examined in constant darkness (DD), constant light (LL), and during adult desipramine treatment (0.25 mg/ml via the drinking water). Compared with saline-treated controls, neonatal desipramine lengthened free-running period in DD, blunted the period-altering effect of LL, and potentiated the period-altering effect of adult desipramine treatment. Neonatal desipramine treatment also increased circadian amplitude and spectral magnitude, but did not modify the effects of light or adult desipramine on these parameters. These results provide further evidence that behavioral depression is associated with alterations in circadian rhythmicity, and are consistent with the hypothesis that such relationships are mediated by brain monoaminergic systems.
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PMID:Neonatal desipramine treatment alters free-running circadian drinking rhythms in rats. 786

A 9-lead Holter monitoring apparatus was devised using a commercially-available 3-lead Holter recorder. The CM5 lead was monitored continuously on channel 1, and our apparatus was applied to channels 2 and 3. Channel 2 was switched serially to V1-like (CM1), V4-like (CM4), V2-like (CM2) and V3-like (CM3) leads every 20 sec. Channel 3 was switched serially to V6-like (CM6), low-back (LB), high lateral (HL) and low-lateral (LL) leads every 20 sec. The study subjects included 98 patients with coronary artery disease. Myocardial ischemia was evaluated by exercise thallium-201 (Tl-201) scintigrams. Functional maps of myocardial perfusion were made from Tl-201 myocardial SPECT studies, and the extent and severity scores were calculated from these maps. The CM5 lead had a high sensitivity for detecting anterior, inferior and lateral wall ischemia, however, its specificity was very low. In contrast, the LB lead had very high sensitivity and high specificity for detecting inferior ischemia (79%, 76%, respectively). The percent extent score and percent severity score determined by the bull's eye method were compared between patients with ST depression of 0.5-1.0 mm and those with that greater than 1.0 mm detected by the LB lead. Both the percent extent score and percent severity score in the latter group were significantly higher than those in the former group (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively), suggesting that the degree of ST depression in the LB lead reflects the degree of myocardial ischemia. The HL and LL leads had high sensitivity and specificity for detecting lateral ischemia. It was concluded that the CM5 lead is necessary for screening global myocardial ischemia and that leads LB and HL (or LL) are mainly useful for detecting inferior and lateral ischemia.
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PMID:[A newly-devised nine-lead Holter system for diagnosing myocardial ischemia evaluated using Tl-201 exercise scintigraphy]. 816 32

1. Genetically lean (LL) or fat (FL) male chickens were exposed to either high (32 degrees C) or control (22 degrees C) ambient temperature up to 9 weeks of age. They were fed on one of two isoenergetic diets differing in protein content: 190 or 230 g/kg. 2. At 22 degrees C, weight gain of LL broilers was the same as in FL chickens, but at the high temperature LL birds grew to a greater weight than FL ones. 3. Food conversion efficiency was not affected by ambient temperature in LL chickens but was depressed in FL ones at 32 degrees C. 4. Increasing dietary protein content did not alleviate heat-induced growth depression irrespective of the genotype. 5. Gross protein efficiency was higher in LL chickens and was less depressed at 32 degrees C than in FL birds. 6. Fat deposition decreased with increasing protein concentration at normal temperature in both genotypes; at high temperature, high protein content enhanced fatness, particularly in LL chickens. 7. Thus, genetically lean broilers demonstrated a greater resistance to hot conditions: this was indicated by enhanced weight gain and improved food and protein conversion efficiencies.
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PMID:Are genetically lean broilers more resistant to hot climate? 824 4

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the chronic mild stress (CMS) procedure, as a realistic animal model of depression, affects the rhythms of the locomotor activity in rats. Rhythm parameters (period, mesor, amplitude, acrophase, and percent rhythm) were estimated from the best-fitted cosine function curves. Period is the length, mesor is the mean level, amplitude (A) is the extent, acrophase is the timing of the rhythm; percent rhythm represents the variability estimated by the cosine regression and expressed as a percentage of the total variability of raw data. The animals were kept on the 12 L : 12 D cycle during 13 weeks of the experiment and subjected to CMS for first 4 weeks. In week 5 the rats were under the constant light for 24 h a day (LL), and in week 9, under the constant darkness (DD). In LD 12:12 CMS decreased the activity in the dark phase by approximately 50% (p < 0.01) and did not change the activity in the light phase, resulting in a drop of the 24 h activity by about 40% in comparison to controls. The amplitude of diurnal variations of the activity was highly statistically different from zero at p(A = 0) < 0.0001, and the percent rhythm was in range of 40-75% in both the CMS and control groups. The mesor and the amplitude of the diurnal rhythm (with a period of 24 h) in the CMS rats were significantly (p < 0.001) lower than those in the control. In LL, the activity of both groups was diminished about 50% during the subjective dark phase. On the other hand, in the subjective light phase the activity of CMS rats only was diminished. The percent rhythm for the CMS and control rats was 30 and 58%, respectively, and values of mesor, amplitude, and acrophase for both groups were highly statistically different. In DD, the activity in the CMS group was statistically significantly lower in both the subjective dark and light phases. In contrast to the results from LL, the cosine curves from DD were similarly shifted in relation to the subjective light-dark cycle. After a restoration of the LD cycle the levels of the 24-h activity of both groups became equal in the 13th week, but the light and dark phase differences between the groups were still statistically significant (p < 0.05). The present results indicate that CMS exerts distinct and prolonged disturbances of the diurnal and circadian rhythms of the locomotor activity in the rats.
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PMID:Effect of chronic mild stress on circadian rhythms in the locomotor activity in rats. 872 62


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