Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Children of alcoholics have increased risk for substance abuse problems. Self-medication of negative affect may be one developmental path to future substance abuse. Because the 146 young (adolescent) children of alcoholics in the current sample had not used enough abused substances to study substance use directly, the relation of substance abuse risk markers to negative affect was assessed. Because the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) A1 allele has been associated with alcoholism and other substance use disorders, negative affect, measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), was determined in four groups of children: boys and girls with the A1+ allele (A1A1 and A1A2 genotypes) and with the A1- allele (A2A2 genotype). The other risk markers were stress, low amplitude of the P300 evoked potential, poor visuospatial functioning, novelty seeking (NS), and harm avoidance (HA). Stress was correlated with BDI scores in all groups. In contrast, low P300 was associated with BDI scores only in boys with the A1+ allele (P = .04), NS was associated with BDI scores only in girls with the A1+ allele (P = .02), and HA was associated with BDI scores only in boys with the A1- allele (P = .01). In addition, boys with the A1+ allele had lower BDI (P = .05) and HA (P = .005) scores than the respective scores for boys with the A1- allele. Girls with the A1- allele had lower HA scores compared with scores for boys with the A1- allele (P = .02). Girls with the A1+ allele had lower visuospatial functioning than that of boys with the A1+ allele (P<.001). Results indicate that both sex and DRD2 genotype modify associations between negative affect and other substance abuse risk markers.
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PMID:Differential associations of sex and D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) genotype with negative affect and other substance abuse risk markers in children of alcoholics. 1367 14

The present study evaluated the effects of depression and a family history of alcohol or substance dependence on P300 event-related potentials in young women aged 14 to 20 years. Of the 130 female subjects, 29 met DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for a lifetime history of a Major Depressive Episode. Event-related electroencephalographic potentials were recorded from each subject while she performed a complex visual oddball task. Analyses indicated a decrement in P300 amplitude in the depressed group as compared to girls with no history of depression. No effects of family history of alcoholism or drug dependence were detected. Current source density analyses, utilizing a realistic head-shape boundary element model, indicated that the difference between the depressed and non-depressed groups was maximal in the right prefrontal region. These results provide further support for the notion that the cognitive difficulties associated with depression are subtle and best detected with sensitive neurophysiological indices, such as P300.
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PMID:Depression and familial risk for substance dependence: a P300 study of young women. 1451 95

Auditory event-related potentials P300 were studied in 44 patients with panic disorders (PD) and 23 normal controls. Compared to the controls, the patients differed significantly by the reduced P300 wave amplitude and alteration of its habituation. PD patients also demonstrated more pronounced anxiety, depression, autonomic dysfunction, hyperventilation and attention insufficiency. The patients with atypical PD differed from those with typical PD by reduced P300 wave amplitude, higher depression and lower personality anxiety levels. The data obtained demonstrate that cognitive function disturbances in PD patients as well as qualitative psychoneurophysiologic differences between patients with typical and atypical PD which were most striking for P300 wave amplitude and alteration of its habituation. Therefore, event-related potentials P300 method may be used as a diagnostic tool and should be taken into account in deciding on therapy.
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PMID:[Clinical and neurophysiological aspects of cognitive disturbances in patients with panic disorders]. 1462 88

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the neural substrates underlying event-related potential (ERP) abnormalities, with respect to the generators of the ERP components in depressed patients. Using an oddball paradigm, ERP from auditory stimuli were recorded from 22 unmedicated patients with current depressive episodes and compared with those from 22 age- and gender-matched normal controls. Cortical current densities of the N100 and P300 components were analyzed using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Group differences in cortical current density were mapped on a 3-D cortex model. The results revealed that N100 cortical current densities did not differ between the two groups, while P300 cortical current densities were significantly lower in depressed patients over the bilateral temporal lobes, the left frontal region, and the right temporal-parietal area. Furthermore, the cortical area in which the group difference in P300 current density had been identified was remarkably larger over the right than the left hemisphere, thus supporting the hypothesis of right hemisphere dysfunction in depression.
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PMID:Abnormalities of P300 cortical current density in unmedicated depressed patients revealed by LORETA analysis of event-related potentials. 1467 60

Studies utilizing the P300 event-related potential (ERP) to document potential neurophysiological deficits related to depression have produced variable findings. The present investigation examined the effects of two tasks to determine whether one task would be more sensitive to a history of depression. We examined 124 female subjects, aged 14-20 years. Each subject was assigned to either a history of depression (DEP-Hx) or control group based on the presence versus absence of a DSM-III-R Major Depressive Episode. ERPs were recorded during two auditory oddball tasks. The first task was a simple two-pitch auditory discrimination and the second task was a three-stimulus auditory discrimination. In both tasks, subjects responded to the same rare target tone. Analysis of P300 amplitudes indicated a significant group by task interaction. Simple effects indicated that control subjects exhibited smaller target P300 amplitudes during the three-stimulus task as compared to the two-stimulus task. In contrast, subjects with a history of depression did not show a significant difference in P300 target amplitude between the two tasks. These results suggest that depression history as well as task difficulty/modality may influence the utility of the P300 in documenting the neurophysiological aspects of depression.
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PMID:P300 evidence of cognitive inflexibility in female adolescents at risk for recurrent depression. 1509 61

Decrements in P300 amplitude have been associated with familial risk for alcoholism as well as several other psychiatric disorders characterized by disinhibited behavior. The present study examined the P300 in relation to Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) features in adolescents with a paternal history of alcohol or drug dependence. One hundred and seventy-five males and females, aged 14-20, were assigned to groups based on BPD features (BPD+ vs. BPD-), family history of substance dependence (negative FH-, alcohol FHA, drug FHD) and gender. BPD features were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R questionnaire. P300 ERPs were recorded while each subject performed the Stroop color-word compatibility test. Repeated measures analyses, which included Conduct Disorder and Depression symptoms as covariates, indicated a significant reduction in P300 amplitude in the BPD+ group. There were no significant effects of FH or gender on P300 amplitude. These results document the presence of neurophysiological abnormalities associated with BPD features in an adolescent sample. This effect appeared to be independent of a family history of alcohol or substance dependence. These findings suggest that BPD symptoms during adolescence are relevant to the examination of the physiological antecedents of those forms of adult psychopathology characterized by behavioral disinhibition, including alcohol and drug dependence.
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PMID:Effects of borderline personality disorder features and a family history of alcohol or drug dependence on P300 in adolescents. 1517 36

Genetic factors play an important part in the development of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and linkage analyses in families have successfully identified several chromosomal regions containing candidate genes. A single large pedigree has been described in which schizophrenia and depression segregate with a balanced chromosomal translocation involving the long arm of chromosome 1 and the short arm of chromosome 11. The gene named DISC1, disrupted at the chromosome 1 breakpoint, is a novel candidate gene that may have a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The cellular location and function of the protein coded by DISC1 is currently being investigated. The phenotype associated with DISC1 in the t (1;11) translocation family includes schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, recurrent major depression and bipolar disorder. Hence this locus is one of several now reported apparently showing linkage to both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The study of intermediate phenotypes or "endophenotypes" may clarify the relations between phenotype and genotype. Auditory event related potentials are EEG based physiological measures widely studied in schizophrenia. In particular the cognitive evoked potential, the P300 response generated during an "odd-ball" two-tone discrimination task consistently shows reduced amplitude in schizophrenia compared to controls. In members of the family with the t (1;11) translocation, P300 amplitude was reduced in relatives who carried the translocation compared to relatives with a normal karyotype. Furthermore the amplitude reduction was independent of the presence or absence of symptoms because asymptomatic translocation carriers showed similar P300 amplitude reduction as was found in translocation carriers who were diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or unipolar depression. The results confirm that subjects with schizophrenia who carry the t (1;11) translocation have similar phenotype to unrelated subjects with schizophrenia and a normal karyotype. Furthermore P300 amplitude may be a useful intermediate phenotype detecting the neuropathology of schizophrenia in "at risk" individuals even in the absence of clinical symptoms.
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PMID:Clinical phenotypes associated with DISC1, a candidate gene for schizophrenia. 1518 3

Somatosensorially evoked and auditorially evoked potentials (SSEP and AEP) were evaluated in 75 patients in different stages of general anesthesia during surgical procedures made on the lungs. N19-P23 latent increases of SSEP denoted an adequate level of analgesia. The AEP evaluation is recommended for monitoring the amnesia status during general anesthesia. N1 depression, long-latent N2 and P300 as well as disappearance of AEP and intracerebral asymmetry inversion with predominance of the bioelectric activity in the right cerebral hemisphere are regarded as objective signs of amnesia induction.
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PMID:[Monitoring of analgesia and amnesia during the general anesthesia in surgeries made on the lungs]. 1531 49

Depressive states are classically associated to increased sensitivity to negative events. However this hypersensitivity may not be stable in time, being absent in remission periods or further reinforced with recurrent depressive episodes, or may concern positive stimuli instead, e.g. in young depressive patients. To study the evolution of the processing of emotional information in depression we recorded late components of evoked potentials in first-episode and recurrent depressed patients before and after recovery. We used a visual attentional paradigm manipulating the processing of emotional information. Subjects first counted words with positive valence, and then words with negative valence from lists of usual words. The results showed that recurrent patients had increased P300 amplitudes for negative words selection only in negative words counting situation, while first-episode patients had decreased P300 amplitudes for positive words selection. After clinical improvement, the negative biases in recurrent patients group disappeared but P300 amplitudes of first-episode patients remained significantly low for positive words. First-episode depressed patients show a selective impairment for positive stimuli, with decreased response to pleasant stimuli, while recurrent depressive subjects show signs of hyperesthesia for negative stimuli. These results suggest that responses to emotional stimuli in word processing are related to the duration of the mood disorders.
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PMID:Emotional information processing in first and recurrent major depressive episodes. 1538 Mar 97

There is a lack of knowledge about the effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) in severe psychotic depression. The aim of this study was to investigate both the effect of ECT on attention-dependent ERP (P300) and the correlation of P300 values with depression level. We recorded the auditory ERPs of 23 patients expressing psychotic symptoms and fulfilling the DSM-III-R criteria for treatment-resistant severe major depressive episode before and a week after successful bitemporal ECT. The clinical status was assessed with Hamilton (Ham-D) and Montgomery and Asberg (MADRS) depression scales. ECT was clinically very effective with these scales. On the level of auditory processing, ECT increased P300 amplitude with no significant effect on latency. Small amplitudes over the left hemisphere before treatment were associated with bigger Ham-D-score decrement. ECT produces a significant increase in brain activity at the level of attention-dependent auditory processing in severe depression. The change in electrical responses seems to represent a largely independent variable from the clinical assessment scales, even if the recovery rate was remarkable, because the change in overall symptom scores did not correlate with the P300 changes.
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PMID:Enhanced attention-dependent auditory processing by electroconvulsive therapy in psychotic depression. 1579 Nov 73


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