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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eighty-nine inpatients with a primary severe depression and melancholia who had committed suicide were investigated. They were admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden between 1956-1969 and died before 1984. Matched controls were selected. Case records were evaluated at index admission to find suicidal risk factors in melancholia. Prospective ratings were compared. Women committing suicide had higher scores than their controls on the items unmarried, non-compliance and suicide attempt but lower ratings on disharmonic childhood and non-severe physical disease. Men committing suicide had higher scores on the items heredity for psychosis and a brittle or sensitive personality. For the latter item suicide was related to life-weariness. Suicide attempt was related to acute onset and lack of psychomotor retardation. Two suicidal processes were proposed for men: one related to aggression and one not. Social factors seem less important in the prediction of suicide in melancholia than in depression in general.
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PMID:Risk factors for suicide in melancholia. A case-record evaluation of 89 suicides and their controls. 851 69

A sample of 4,243 residents of Manchester, England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, aged 50 to 93 years, completed the Beck Depression Scale (A.T. Beck, C.H. Ward, M. Mendelson, J. Mock, & J. Erbaugh, 1961) and a battery of 6 different cognitive tests. Beck scores were low, indicating gradations of dysphoria rather than clinical depression. Beck scores did not vary with age but were significantly higher for women than for men and for disadvantaged than for advantaged socioeconomic groups. Measures of fluid, but not of crystallized, ability declined as age increased. Socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with poorer performance on all cognitive tests. Men scored higher on a test of spatial reasoning, and women scored higher on a test of word definition and on 2 tests of verbal memory and learning. However, after variance associated with all these demographic and individual-difference variables was considered, and within a range indicative of dysphoria rather than clinical depression, higher Beck scores were associated with significantly poorer performance on both crystallized and fluid measures of cognitive ability. This association was less marked in women than in men, but age, socioeconomic advantage, and estimated lifetime intellectual ability did not act as protective or risk factors for vulnerability of cognitive processes to dysphoria.
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PMID:Unique and interactive effects of depression, age, socioeconomic advantage, and gender on cognitive performance of normal healthy older people. 852 52

In this study, we selected individuals high and low on a measure of chronic self-destructiveness--the tendency to perform behaviors that later reduce positive consequences and increase the probability of experiencing negative ones--and attempted to differentiate high and low scorers based on a set of hypothesized antecedent and concurrent psychological, interpersonal, and behavioral correlates. Men and women were equally represented in high- and low-scoring groups. High scorers reported experiencing more interpersonal exploitation, greater depression, lower self-esteem, more externalizing attitudes, and less control in relationships than low scorers. High-scoring individuals also engaged in more frequent acts of acute self-destructiveness, including attempted suicide. A significant age covariate effect emerged: high-scoring men and women were younger than low-scoring individuals. These findings underscore the importance of studying chronic self-destructiveness within a developmental framework and suggest that issues of safety and self-care may be particularly germane to educational and clinical interventions aimed at young adults.
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PMID:Psychological, interpersonal, and behavioral correlates of chronic self-destructiveness: an exploratory study. 864 93

Men and women in recovery from addiction were compared on levels of depression, guilt, and shame. The measurement of guilt included subscales of Survivor Guilt, Separation Guilt, Omnipotent Responsibility Guilt, Trait Guilt, State Guilt, and Adaptive Guilt. The sample included 75 men and 33 women in treatment in a residential treatment community. It was found that women were significantly higher than men in depression. The recovering subjects were compared to nonaddicted subjects and established norms, and it was found that the recovering people were higher on depression, shame, and the subscales of maladaptive guilt. Both men and women in recovery were significantly lower than norms in adaptive guilt.
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PMID:Guilt, shame, and depression in clients in recovery from addiction. 881 81

We examined the relationship among low, moderate, and high levels of hopelessness, all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) and cancer in a population-based sample of middle-aged men. Participants were 2428 men, ages 42 to 60, from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease study, an ongoing longitudinal study of unestablished psychosocial risk factors for ischemic heart disease and other outcomes. In 6 years of follow-up, 174 deaths (87 cardiovascular and 87 noncardiovascular, including 40 cancer deaths and 29 deaths due to violence or injury), 73 incident cancer cases, and 95 incident MI had occurred. Men were rated low, moderate, or high in hopelessness if they scored in the lower, middle, or upper one-third of scores on a 2-item hopelessness scale. Age-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models identified a dose-response relationship such that moderately and highly hopeless men were at significantly increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality relative to men with low hopelessness scores. Indeed, highly hopeless men were at more than three-fold increased risk of death from violence or injury compared with the reference group. These relationships were maintained after adjusting for biological, socioeconomic, or behavioral risk factors, perceived health, depression, prevalent disease, or social support. High hopelessness also predicted incident MI, and moderate hopelessness was associated with incident cancer. Our findings indicate that hopelessness is a strong predictor of adverse health outcomes, independent of depression and traditional risk factors. Additional research is needed to examine phenomena that lead to hopelessness.
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PMID:Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and cancer. 884 26

The authors examine gender differences in presentation of illness in 96 males and 198 females with DSM-III-R chronic major depression (i.e., major depression of at least 2 years' duration). Women were found to have increased severity of illness as measured by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Clinical Global impressions (CGI) scores. Symptom comparisons revealed that women experience more psychomotor retardation than men. Women reported increased functional impairment on the Social Adjustment Scale-Self-Report (SAS-SR), particularly in the areas of marital and family adjustment. Men were more likely to have a history of alcohol and substance abuse/dependence. These findings represent the first systematic study of gender differences in a chronic depressive population.
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PMID:Gender differences in presentation of chronic major depression. 885 44

The course of disease associated with infection with the human immunodeficiency virus varies widely. Some patients deteriorate rapidly, while others live for years, even after an illness that defines the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this study, comorbidity, or the presence of concurrent health problems, was investigated prospectively as a possible co-factor for different rates of decline in 395 homosexual/bisexual men in the San Francisco Men's Health Study (SFMHS) who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Comorbidity data obtained from baseline interviews included both chronic and infectious diseases as well as depression. Smoking, alcohol, and drug use were also examined. The most prevalent comorbid conditions were sexually transmitted diseases (90%) and hepatitis B infection (76%). Most chronic and acute concurrent health conditions were not significant discrete predictors of survival to AIDS or death after controlling for immune status and markers of disease progression. Significantly, other risk factors (e.g., depression and smoking) were found to be associated with more rapid progression. Men with symptoms of depression had a higher risk of progression of AIDS diagnosis; the relative hazard (RH) was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-2.08); smoking was associated with higher risk of death (RH, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.20-2.17). Older age was marginally associated with poorer survival to death. No associations were found between survival and alcohol and drug use.
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PMID:Comorbidity and survival in HIV-infected men in the San Francisco Men's Health Survey. 891 73

Idiopathic prostatitis is a common, often chronic condition in which psychological factors are suspected to play a role. Men with chronic prostatitis (n = 51) and a control group of 34 men without any chronic pain condition, equivalent on demographic characteristics, were compared on psychological and perineal muscle tension measures. Prostate-specific antigen and expressed prostatic secretion cell counts were also measured. Chronic prostatitis patients were consistently more elevated than controls on hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria (MMPI), and on somaticization and depression (Brief Symptom Inventory), and were less elevated on masculine/instrumentality (Personal Attributes Questionnaire) scales. A cluster analysis of MMPI profiles revealed that 57% of the chronic prostatitis patients produced generally unelevated MMPI profiles, whereas the remaining 43% fell into two groups with distinct patterns of distress. The results indicate depression and psychosocial distress are common among chronic prostatitis patients, calling for careful evaluation and attention to psychological symptoms.
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PMID:Psychological and physical factors involved in chronic idiopathic prostatitis. 897 61

Gender differences in variables relating to alcohol treatment are receiving increased attention. Most reports indicate gender differences in both intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental trans-situational variables that relate specifically to women's drinking. This study investigates gender differences in the immediate relapse situation itself. These differences are then examined in the context of trans-situational (i.e. across time) affective and cognitive variables and social support. This report is part of a larger study designed to replicate Marlatt's taxonomy of high risk situations for relapse, and to examine alternative methods of describing relapse situations. Three hundred subjects (169 men, 131 women) were recruited from six different inpatient and outpatient programs. Subjects were asked to identify their last relapse before entering the index treatment. Details of the drinking episode itself were also obtained, e.g. number of drinking days in episode, drinking to intoxication, presence of others. Measures of state and trait affect, expectancies, and social support were also collected. There were no gender differences in Marlatt's taxonomy, or in drinking topography during relapse. At baseline, women reported drinking less, and drinking less often than men. However, women drank to intoxication more often than men. Surprisingly, men relapsed alone more often than did women. Men and women report relapsing frequently with same sex friends, and women showed a tendency to relapse in the presence of romantic partners. Men also tend to report more positive mood states during relapse than women, which is congruent with the finding that women report more depression. Severity of drinking pattern was found to be an important confounding variable in these analyses. It is suggested that gender differences found in individuals in treatment for alcohol problems may reflect societal differences between men and women, and that taking these differences into account in designing treatment programs may improve outcomes.
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PMID:Gender differences in relapse situations. 899 85

Recently bereaved men who evidenced more negative ruminative thoughts in free-response interviews showed greater psychological distress on several outcome measures both 1 month and 12 months after their loss and less increase in positive morale over this 12-month period. Men who engaged in more analysis of themselves and the meaning of their loss reported greater positive morale 1 month after their loss but showed more persistent depression and absence of positive states of mind over the 12 months following their loss. Finally, men who reported more social friction also evidenced more enduring depressive symptoms over the year than did men who reported less social friction. These results are generally consistent with other studies that have shown that self-reflective, ruminative coping with negative emotions and social friction are associated with longer and more severe periods of depressed mood following stressful events.
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PMID:Rumination and psychological distress among bereaved partners. 910 98


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