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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study examined the relationship between depressive symptoms and smoking cessation among a sample of inner-city African American smokers using the nicotine patch. Analyses were conducted on data from a previous randomized trial that tested the effects of culturally sensitive vs. standard self-help quitting materials. The study sample consisted of 498 African American smokers (mean age = 42.95, SD = 10.40; 60% female) recruited from a large hospital. Participants in both groups received 8 weeks of nicotine replacement therapy. Level of smoking, quit status, and depressive symptoms (Medical Outcomes Survey Short Depression Screen) were assessed at baseline, week 4 (mid-treatment), and 6-month follow-up. Analyses that controlled for randomization group generally did not support the hypothesis that baseline levels of depressive symptoms predict smoking at Week 4 or Month 6. Cross-sectional analyses at each time point indicated that depressive symptoms were positively associated with smoking level (both: beta = 0.24, p < .05). Changes (increases) in depressive symptoms from baseline to week 4 predicted higher smoking levels at follow-up (beta = 0.19, p < .05). Although the results indicated a significant association between depressive symptoms and level of smoking, they generally did not support the notion that depressive symptoms are associated with failure to quit.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Feb
PMID:Depressive symptoms and smoking cessation among inner-city African Americans using the nicotine patch. 1274 7

Because a history of depression has been hypothesized to affect cessation efforts and may be particularly problematic for women concerned about weight gain, we sought to document the prevalence of depression history among weight-concerned women smokers and evaluate its effect on treatment outcome. We also evaluated the impact of baseline depressive symptoms and cessation-related changes in symptoms. Women (N = 219) were classified as depression history positive (Major Depressive Disorder [MDD]) (MDD+) or negative (MDD-) according to responses on the Inventory to Diagnose Depression-Lifetime Version. All women received a group-based smoking cessation treatment. Women provided expired-air carbon monoxide samples, completed measures of depressive symptoms, and were weighed at pretreatment and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after quitting. Fifty-two per cent (n = 115) reported a lifetime history of major depressive disorder. Although MDD+ women were significantly more nicotine dependent, rates of continuous abstinence did not differ between MDD+ and MDD- women. However, MDD+ women were more likely to drop out of treatment prior to quitting. Additionally, depressive symptoms were associated with abstinence irrespective of depression history. Women who reported an increase in depressive symptoms from pre- to post-treatment were significantly less likely to be abstinent post-treatment, suggesting that depressive symptoms are more predictive of outcome than is previous disorder. Moreover, because of the prevalence of depression history among this subgroup of women smokers and its impact on early attrition, additional engagement and retention strategies may be useful.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Feb
PMID:A history of depression and smoking cessation outcomes among women concerned about post-cessation weight gain. 1274 8

Self-report measures of depressive symptoms, such as the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), correlate with current and lifetime smoking status. In one previous study of adult female twins, genetic factors accounted for the covariation of liability to a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and liability to lifetime smoking (Kendler, Neale, MacLean, Heath, Eaves, & Kessler, 1993b, Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 36-43); however, it remained unclear whether genetic effects also account for the covariation between subclinical depressive symptomology and smoking behavior. In this study, we use twin structural equation modeling to explore whether genetic and/or environmental influences contribute to the covariation between depressive symptoms, as measured by the CES-D, and current and lifetime smoking status among 120 monozygotic and 114 dizygotic Caucasian male twin pairs (aged 59-69). In this sample, depressive symptoms showed small but significant correlations with current and lifetime smoking status. Univariate twin analyses indicated that additive genetic and non-shared environmental factors contributed significantly to liability to current and lifetime smoking. However, the majority of variance in CES-D scores was attributable to non-shared (individual) environment. In bivariate analyses, non-shared environmental factors accounted for the majority of covariation between liability to depressive symptoms (CES-D scores > or = 8; above the 75th percentile) and liability to current and lifetime smoking status. Taken together with the previous literature, these results suggest that the etiology of covariation among depressive symptoms and smoking behavior may vary by measurement and severity of depressive symptomology.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Feb
PMID:A study of depressive symptoms and smoking behavior in adult male twins from the NHLBI twin study. 1274 9

Some studies have shown that female smokers and smokers with a history of depression have an increased risk of relapse following smoking cessation treatment. This study examined the efficacy of bupropion sustained-release (SR) and the nicotine patch for smoking cessation in subgroups of smokers at possible risk for relapse. Data for this study were from a previously published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in which 893 smokers were randomized to four treatment conditions: placebo tablet + placebo patch, placebo tablet + 21 mg/24-hr nicotine patch, 300mg bupropion SR + placebo patch, and 300mg bupropion SR + 21 mg/24-hr nicotine patch. Study medication continued for 8 weeks after the quit day; brief individual cessation counseling was provided during weekly clinic visits. In comparison to the placebo tablet, bupropion SR approximately tripled 1-year non-smoking rates among women and previously depressed individuals. In contrast, the nicotine patch did not significantly improve cessation rates for any group. We conclude that bupropion SR is a first-line treatment for smoking that has the potential to benefit all smokers, especially women and the previously depressed.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Feb
PMID:Targeting smokers at increased risk for relapse: treating women and those with a history of depression. 1274 11

Ethnic minorities are often underrepresented in clinical trials, and their recruitment can challenge researchers. Developing and communicating effective and efficient recruitment strategies may help researchers enroll more minorities into research studies. Kick It at Swope was a double-blind, randomized trial that evaluated bupropion for smoking cessation among 600 adult African Americans who smoked 10 or more cigarettes a day. Proactive recruitment strategies (in-person appeals by study staff and health care providers) and reactive recruitment strategies (disseminating information that asked people to call a study hotline) were implemented sequentially in an additive fashion over 16 months. Resulting patterns of recruitment are described and the two phases are compared based on their relative effectiveness, efficiency, and cost. More enrollees were recruited in the reactive phase (n=534) than in the proactive phase (n=66). Those recruited in the reactive phase were more likely to be eligible (OR=4.8) and more likely to be enrolled (OR=4.2) than those recruited in the proactive phase. Participants recruited in the reactive phase reported significantly higher levels of education and income, better health, and significantly lower indicators of depression and life hassles, compared with those recruited in the proactive phase. The reactive recruitment phase was less expensive than the proactive recruitment phase (22 US Dollars/enrollee vs. 159 US Dollars/enrollee). Reactive recruitment strategies added to multiple proactive clinic-based recruitment strategies were more effective, more efficient, and less costly than proactive recruitment alone. Close monitoring combined with the use of multiple recruitment methods and flexible recruitment plans can lead to successful, efficient, and low-cost recruitment of minorities into clinical trials.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Aug
PMID:Successful recruitment of minorities into clinical trials: The Kick It at Swope project. 1295 96

Positive- and negative-reinforcement consequences of smoking were assessed using a self-report inventory. Data from 429 current smokers (348 women, 81 men) were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, with concurrent validation of resulting scales in 288 current smokers (235 women, 53 men), controlling for sex and age. The solution with three factors--positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and smoking patterns--provided the clearest and most interpretable factor solution. The Michigan Nicotine Reinforcement Questionnaire (M-NRQ), which yields positive- and negative-reinforcement scales, was developed based on these results. Positive-reinforcement smoking was associated with higher scores on novelty seeking, reward dependence, alcohol dependence, and pleasurable sensations upon early smoking experimentation, and with lower scores on displeasurable sensations and nausea upon early smoking experimentation. Negative-reinforcement smoking was associated with higher scores for nicotine dependence, depression, anxiety, and harm avoidance. The M-NRQ has potential as a diagnostic tool for individualizing behavioral intervention and pharmacotherapy and also may be useful in identifying new phenotypes for genetic research on smoking.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Oct
PMID:Development and validation of a self-rating scale for positive- and negative-reinforcement smoking: The Michigan Nicotine Reinforcement Questionnaire. 1457 87

Nicotine intake acutely induces many different subjective mood effects, which may be critical to understanding nicotine reinforcement. Some of these effects may cluster together, perhaps reflecting common underlying mechanisms (e.g., catecholamine release). In this study of 93 smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers, we conducted factor analyses of responses to a battery of subjective measures (23 visual-analog scale items and Profile of Mood States [POMS] scales) following acute nicotine nasal spray administration. The goal was to identify homogeneous clusters among these diverse effects of nicotine. A subject's response to nicotine on each measure was determined by the slope of his or her dose-response curve (0, 10, 20 microg/kg nicotine). Results of factor analyses identified five factors, labeled "head rush" (head rush, buzzed, lightheaded, jittery), "positive affect" (comfortable, satisfied, relaxed, etc.), "negative affect" (anger, depression, tension), "fatigued" (tired, sedated, fatigue), and "energized" (stimulated, vigor). The factor structure was consistent between smoking status groups. However, as expected, groups differed on mean factor scores for head rush, positive affect, and energized, perhaps reflecting tolerance to these effects of nicotine. Although these specific findings require replication, they suggest that acute subjective responses to nicotine can be captured by a few common factors, potentially simplifying this assessment. Similar research may provide directions for exploring potential mechanisms responsible for these broad subjective effects of nicotine.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Dec
PMID:Common factors across acute subjective effects of nicotine. 1466 70

To date, only one study has been published on individual characteristics associated with outcome following standard treatment with bupropion SR for smoking cessation. To investigate treatment outcome beyond the 6-week end-of-treatment point, the present study examined characteristics associated with more clinically relevant smoking endpoints following treatment with bupropion SR in a large health care system. A total of 1,524 smokers (649 men and 875 women) of average age 45.1 years were randomized to receive one of four combinations of bupropion SR (150 or 300 mg) and behavioral counseling (tailored mailings or proactive telephone counseling) and assessed for point-prevalent smoking status at 3 and 12 months. Multiple logistic regression analyses of potential risk factors for 12-month point-prevalent smoking and for persistent smoking (point-prevalent smoking at both follow-ups) following treatment were conducted for men and women combined and separately. Risk factors for smoking at both endpoints in the combined sample included treatment with tailored mailings, female gender, younger age, higher levels of tobacco dependence, shorter previous quit attempts, previous use of nicotine replacement therapy, and report of current depressive symptoms or lifetime depression. Risk factors for smoking following treatment identified in women only included treatment with the lower dose of bupropion SR, younger age, and higher perceived stress, whereas those that were unique to men included the presence of lifetime depression. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the need for more effective treatments in general, and the role of individual differences in the likelihood of returning to smoking following treatment for quitting.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Dec
PMID:Bupropion SR and counseling for smoking cessation in actual practice: predictors of outcome. 1466 75

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes alpha4beta2 and alpha7 comprise the majority of brain nicotine-binding sites. Classical genetic strategies using inbred mice and their hybrids suggest that nicotine's effects on locomotor activity and body temperature are influenced by alpha4beta2 but not alpha7 receptors. To evaluate directly the role of these nicotinic subtypes on responses to nicotine, beta2 and alpha7 null mutant (-/-) mice, as well as wild-type (+/+) and heterozygous (+/-) mice, were tested for baseline body temperature and locomotion and nicotine (0-1.5 mg/kg)-induced changes in these responses. Basal responses for these measures were similar for all beta2 genotypes, but baseline Y-maze activity was higher in alpha7-/- mice compared with alpha7+/+ mice. Following nicotine injection, dose-dependent decreases in body temperature and locomotor activity were observed for all three genotypes of both beta2 and alpha7 mice. Although responses in alpha7 mice did not differ among genotypes, beta2 gene deletion was found to have a gene-dependent effect on nicotine's effects. beta2-/- mice were less sensitive to nicotine-induced locomotor depression and hypothermia at low nicotine doses (.25-.5 mg/kg) but were no different from beta2+/+ mice at the highest doses tested (1.0-1.5 mg/kg). Residual responses at high nicotine doses in beta2-/- mice as well as responses in all alpha7 and beta2 mouse genotypes were mediated by nicotinic receptors, since mecamylamine (1.0 mg/kg) blocked all responses following 1.0 mg/kg nicotine. This finding suggests receptors that include the beta2 nAChR subunit partially mediate nicotine's effects on locomotor activity and body temperature.
Nicotine Tob Res 2004 Feb
PMID:Null mutant analysis of responses to nicotine: deletion of beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit but not alpha7 subunit reduces sensitivity to nicotine-induced locomotor depression and hypothermia. 1498 98

Changes in physiology and attentional performance associated with smoking abstinence were characterized in 67 female smokers during low-stress and high-stress conditions. Abstinence was associated with decreases in cognitive performance, heart rate, and electroencephalographic (EEG) activation but with no change in serum estradiol or progesterone. Effects of quitting showed no tendency to resolve across the 31 days of abstinence. EEG deactivation and heart rate slowing were greater during a math task (high stress) than during relaxation (low stress). Individuals high in trait depression or nicotine dependence or with at least one dopamine D(2) receptor A1 allele experienced greater EEG deactivation following abstinence, especially in the right hemisphere during the stressful task. Thus, findings support the situation x trait adaptive response model of abstinence effects and emphasize the value of multiple dependent measures when characterizing abstinence responses.
Nicotine Tob Res 2004 Apr
PMID:Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. 1520 98


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