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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

History of depression in smokers has been associated with an inability to quit smoking and with an increased likelihood of smoking relapse. This study prospectively tracked nicotine withdrawal symptoms, symptoms of depression, and ability to quit smoking between smokers with and without a probable history of major depression who were trying to quit smoking with minimal assistance. Results indicated that prior to quitting, smokers with a history of depression smoked to reduce negative affect, in response to craving, and in social situations. Additionally, positive history smokers scored higher on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) than did smokers without such a history. Following a quit attempt, positive history smokers were somewhat more likely to experience greater symptoms of nicotine withdrawal than negative history smokers. However, among the positive history smokers, depressive symptoms as measured by the CES-D increased significantly 4 weeks after trying to quit, compared to a decline among negative history smokers. Positive and negative history smokers did not significantly differ on ability to quit smoking within the 30-day follow-up period. History of depression appears to be associated with a delayed increase in symptoms of depression following a quit attempt. However, it remains to be demonstrated whether such an increase in depressive symptoms may influence later probability of relapse.
Nicotine Tob Res 1999 Sep
PMID:History and symptoms of depression among smokers during a self-initiated quit attempt. 1107 22

The neurobiology of nicotine addiction is reviewed within the context of neurobiological and behavioral theories postulated for other drugs of abuse. The roles of various neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and opioid peptides in acute nicotine reinforcement and withdrawal from chronic administration are examined followed by a discussion of potential neuroadaptations within these neurochemical systems that may lead to the development of nicotine dependence. The link between nicotine administration, depression and schizophrenia are also discussed. Finally, a theoretical model of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying acute nicotine withdrawal and protracted abstinence involves alterations within dopaminergic, serotonergic, and stress systems that are hypothesized to contribute to the negative affective state associated with nicotine abstinence.
Nicotine Tob Res 2000 Feb
PMID:Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction: acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal. 1107 38

Few studies have considered the etiological role of the fetal environment on the offspring's substance use. This prospective study examines the relations between the mother's prenatal and current smoking and the offspring's smoking experimentation. A low SES birth cohort of 589 10-year-olds, who have been followed since their gestation, completed a self-report questionnaire about their substance use. Half were female, and 52% were African-American. Detailed data on exposure to tobacco and other substances in the prenatal and postnatal periods were collected from the mothers. During pregnancy, 52.6% of the mothers were smokers; 59.7% were smokers when their children were 10. Six per cent of the children (37/589) reported ever smoking cigarettes, 3% had had one full alcoholic drink, and none had started to use other drugs. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with an increased risk of the child's tobacco experimentation. Offspring exposed to more than 1/2 pack per day during gestation had a 5.5-fold increased risk for early experimentation. Structural equation modeling showed that prenatal tobacco exposure had a direct and significant effect on the child's smoking and that maternal current smoking was not significant. Prenatal tobacco exposure also predicted child anxiety/depression and externalizing behaviors, and these outcomes affected child smoking through the mediating effect of peer tobacco use.
Nicotine Tob Res 2000 Feb
PMID:Prenatal tobacco exposure: is it a risk factor for early tobacco experimentation? 1107 40

The present study used logistic regression techniques to examine the extent to which depression, anxiety, disordered eating, and nicotine dependence increased risk of experiencing craving and the eight DSM-IV withdrawal symptoms (depressed mood, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, decreased heart rate, increased appetite) during smoking abstinence, assessed retrospectively. Data were provided by a racially diverse sample of 365 male and female smokers recruited to participate in laboratory studies. Results indicate that variables known to be associated with smoking are risk factors for distinct and only somewhat overlapping patterns of symptomatology. Smokers scoring high on measures of anxiety, depression, or disordered eating were at increased risk primarily of experiencing withdrawal symptomatology pathognomonic to their particular disorder, whereas smokers scoring high on nicotine dependence appeared to be at increased risk of experiencing a syndromal pattern of withdrawal, encompassing craving and insomnia as well as cognitive/affective symptoms. Our results support the possibility that some individuals use smoking as a form of self-medication and suggest that elucidation of patterns of withdrawal symptomatology may contribute to improved specification of smoking phenotypes as well as facilitate treatment-matching.
Nicotine Tob Res 2000 Aug
PMID:Who gets what symptom? Effects of psychiatric cofactors and nicotine dependence on patterns of smoking withdrawal symptomatology. 1108 28

Differences among adult women smokers with differing levels of concern about post-cessation weight gain were investigated in a national random-digit-dialing survey. To avoid defining weight concerns in terms of possible etiologies or contributory factors, respondents were stratified using a single item querying concern about post-cessation weight gain; 39% described themselves as very concerned (VC), 28% as somewhat concerned (SC), and 33% as not concerned (NC). Significant between-groups differences were detected for measures of weight and body image, eating patterns and weight control practices, and nicotine dependence, but not for depression. Differences, primarily between VC and NC, were also detected for several weight-related smoking variables, including importance of weight as a factor in initiation, smoking as a weight control strategy, increased appetite and weight gain as withdrawal symptoms, willingness to gain weight upon quitting, self-efficacy about relapse in the face of weight gain, and readiness to quit smoking. Most differences persisted even after adjusting for body mass index and nicotine dependence. Although the importance of thinness was rated higher by weight-concerned women, the difference did not reach significance. Rather, what differentiated groups was the importance of overall body image, suggesting a larger pattern of preoccupation with body image that may not be captured by queries about weight concerns alone. We conclude that weight-concerned women smokers will be especially unlikely to seek treatment or attempt self-quitting; and that redirecting attention to other aspects of body image is likely to be more helpful than attempting to divert attention away from body image.
Nicotine Tob Res 2001 Feb
PMID:Characterizing concerns about post-cessation weight gain: results from a national survey of women smokers. 1126 Aug 11

Several behavioral/psychological/psychiatric traits/disorders have been associated with increased initiation of smoking, nicotine dependence, and decreased cessation. Although much research has focused on psychiatric disorders, subclinical syndromes (e.g., minor depression and heavy drinking) probably influence smoking initiation and cessation more because they are so much more prevalent. In prospective studies, comorbidity predicts smoking and smoking predicts comorbidity. Preliminary evidence suggests several plausible mechanisms by which this two-way linkage could occur. In addition, other variables (e.g., genetics) could account for the comorbidity/smoking association. What we need to know: how strong and consistent are comorbidity/smoking associations? Is the association of smoking and comorbidity increasing over time? Are the hypothesized mechanisms for the association valid? Can treating comorbidity improve smoking cessation outcomes? Would applying the concept of comorbidity to psychosocial conditions (e.g., poverty) be helpful?
Nicotine Tob Res 1999
PMID:Comorbidity and smoking. 1176 73

The usefulness of psychological interventions in smoking cessation is well established. Ongoing efforts are aimed at establishing interventions for specific diagnostic groups, developing interventions that are targeted at smokers who do not seek treatment, and combining psychological and pharmacological treatment. There is emerging evidence that useful treatments have been developed for smokers with a depression history, and that expert system interventions based upon a stage model can be useful in changing the smoking behavior of smokers who are not yet ready to quit. Psychological interventions add to the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy, but whether they add to the efficacy of other pharmacotherapies is not known. There is a need to determine whether psychological interventions are useful for diagnostic groups other than depressive disorder, and if so, whether they need be specific for that group. Additional research is needed on interventions for smokers who are not ready to quit, both in developing new techniques, and determining the need and usefulness of adaptations of those in existence to specific populations.
Nicotine Tob Res 1999
PMID:Psychological interventions: state of the art. 1176 76

A growing body of research suggests that a number of types of psychopathology that occur during childhood and adolescence are also associated with an increased risk for tobacco use. This paper assesses the relationship between several types of child and adolescent psychopathology and subsequent tobacco use. The types of psychopathology that are discussed include 'externalizing' disorders such as conduct problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 'internalizing' disorders such as depression and anxiety disorders. The strongest evidence for connections between child and adolescent psychopathology and subsequent tobacco use is for conduct problems, ADHD, and depression. There is much weaker support for a connection between anxiety disorders and tobacco use. The relationships between conduct problems and ADHD (which frequently co-occur) and subsequent tobacco use are quite robust. Possible explanations of the relationships between conduct problems, ADHD, and tobacco use are presented. There appears to be a bidirectional relationship between depression and tobacco use; i.e., each has a comparable probability of preceding the other. Areas of particular importance are: (a) the effects of various psychopathologies on various aspects of tobacco use; (b) the role of comorbid psychopathologies; (c) identification of protective factors; (d) the effects of moderators (e.g., gender, ethnicity); (e) mechanisms and processes ('active ingredients') associated with various psychopathologies; (f) implications for intervention; and (g) possible cohort effects.
Nicotine Tob Res 1999
PMID:Child and adolescent psychopathology as risk factors for subsequent tobacco use. 1176 86

The aims were to explore adolescent smokers' understanding and their physiological and psychological experience of addiction to nicotine and to assess the content validity of the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC), a 10-item measure of nicotine dependence in youth. Six focus group interviews were conducted with male and female smokers recruited by school staff from among known smokers at one English and two French high schools in Montreal. Participants were 64 high-school students aged 14-17 years. Measurements were focus group discussion of smoking patterns and levels for self and others; feelings and sensations while smoking; physical and mental experiences of urges, feelings and sensations when smoking is prohibited; the physical, psychological, and social meanings of being hooked, dependent, or addicted; levels of dependence, desire to quit, and quit attempts. Participants readily identified nicotine dependence as relevant to their smoking experience. Dependence was described as the need to smoke, sometimes experienced as sensations of emptiness in the chest or blood and sometimes as a feeling in the mind. Smoking urges were often situationally determined and associated with hunger. With the exception of feeling sad, blue, or depressed on smoking withdrawal, participants endorsed almost all the symptoms in the HONC as relevant to their experience of dependence and identified several other symptoms as well. Adolescents are able to provide self-reports of symptoms of dependence that are consistent with a theoretically driven conceptualization of nicotine dependence. The HONC demonstrates content validity among adolescents but could be improved through removal of the item related to depression on withdrawal and possibly addition of items related to stress and appetite.
Nicotine Tob Res 2002 May
PMID:The hardest thing is the habit: a qualitative investigation of adolescent smokers' experience of nicotine dependence. 1202 53

This study investigated whether taking medications for transdermal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) influenced smoking-cessation variables in postmenopausal women undergoing short-term abstinence from cigarettes. Women were recruited into two groups according to their pre-enrollment medication status--those currently on HRT (n = 17) or those not on HRT (n = 13). The HRT group had their previous medication replaced with a standard 0.1 mg estradiol transdermal system and 2.5 mg of Cycrin daily. After 2 weeks of medication adjustment, participants continued smoking as usual for 1 week, at which time baseline measurements were taken. Participants were then instructed to quit smoking for the remaining 2 weeks. They were provided with smoking-cessation counseling and monitored for abstinence. Data were collected during five clinic visits on all dependent measures: Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale, Profile of Mood States, Motor Speed Tasks, and Reaction Time Test. Contrary to our hypothesis, the exogenous hormone use did not have a differential effect on most of the dependent variables during the first 2 weeks of smoking abstinence. One exception was depressive symptomatology: the BDI change scores (week 2 - baseline) differed significantly for the HRT and non-HRT groups (p = .045), with women in the HRT group experiencing an increase in depressive symptomatology. This finding, though preliminary, may have clinical implications for postmenopausal women who attempt to quit smoking while on HRT, particularly since depressed mood following abstinence is associated with a relapse to smoking.
Nicotine Tob Res 2003 Feb
PMID:Nicotine withdrawal and depressive symptomatology during short-term smoking abstinence: a comparison of postmenopausal women using and not using hormone replacement therapy. 1274 6


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