Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of lipopolysaccharide (obtained from Escherichia coli, LPS) on the antitumor activity, acute toxicity and metabolism of tegafur was investigated in mice in comparison with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). It was found that the intravenous administration of LPS (1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg) 24 hr prior to tegafur decreased the antitumor activity of tegafur against the solid form of Sarcoma 180. On the acute toxicity of tegafur or 5-FU, the lethality of the former was decreased and that of the latter was enhanced by the pretreatment with LPS 24 hr before. In LPS-treated mice, after the administration of tegafur, the level of tegafur in plasma was higher and the elevated level maintained longer than in untreated mice; and a small amount of 5-FU was released. A high level of 5-FU in plasma after the administration of 5-FU was also observed in LPS-treated mice. In the liver and kidneys of LPS-treated mice, the level of 5-FU after the administration of tegafur or 5-FU was higher, and its conversion of 5-FU to fluorouridine (FUR) was lower than that of control mice. On the other hand, LPS inhibited significantly the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes 24 hr after. It can, therefore, be presumed that the antitumor activity of tegafur was affected with LPS as a result of inhibition of conversion from tegafur to 5-FU or from 5-FU to FUR mainly according to depression in the hepatic drug-metabolism.
 ...
PMID:Drug interaction of antitumor drugs. III. Antitumor activity of tegafur in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. 681 75

In order to determine the effect of infections with low-virulent swine fever virus (SFV) on antibody responses, pigs were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or sheep red blood cells (SRBC), 2 days after infection. Infected pigs showed an enhanced primary response to LPS late during infection. The secondary response to LPS seemed to be unaffected. Both the primary and secondary antibody response to SRBC appeared to be enhanced rather than depressed in infected pigs. These in vivo findings suggest that pigs infected with low-virulent SFV do not develop a depression of B lymphocyte function.
 ...
PMID:Effect of infections with swine fever virus on immune functions. III. Antibody response to lipopolysaccharide and sheep red blood cells. 684 37

Splenocytes of C57BL/6J mice injected with a Trichinella spiralis larval extract for 7 consecutive days were transferred in two doses into isogenic, immunocompetent mice. On the 3rd day, some recipients were immunized with 10(9) sheep red blood cells and others were killed to investigate blastogenic response of their splenocytes to concanavalin A (Con A), Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Mycobacterium's purified protein derivative (PPD). On the 8th day of immunization, the corresponding mice were killed to study rosette-forming cells (RFC) and direct and indirect plaque-forming cells (D- and I-PFC) in their spleens. Transfer of 10(6) cells depressed the Con A reactivity and the number of RFC and 1-PFC, but increased the PPD reactivity and the number of D-PFC in the recipients, as compared to control mice receiving splenocytes from donors injected with a saline solution. Ten million cells inhibited only the Con A reactivity, but enhanced the number of LPS- and PPD-responding cells and of D-PFC in the recipients over the controls. Inoculation of cells from mice injected with bovine serum albumin did not reproduce the same effects. Splenocytes of mice treated with T. spiralis extract simultaneously inhibit and enhance diverse functions of the immune system. Stimulation is exerted on IgG antibody production and appears to be mediated by suppressor T-cells. Stimulation is exerted mainly on IgM antibody formation. Depression seems to be antigen-specific; it is partially compensated by the concurrent suppression, and it is probably a result of macrophage activation.
 ...
PMID:Responses of B-cells to mitogens and antigen in mice receiving isogenic splenocytes from animals treated with Trichinella extract. 697 Feb 60

Immune reactivity of primiparous pregnant C57Bl/6J mice was investigated using in vitro assays of mitogen reactivity. The response to the T cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A of cells from the paraaortic (PA) lymph nodes, which drain the uterus, was decreased in pregnant animals. Reactivity to lipopolysaccharide, a B cell mitogen, was normal. The decreased PHA response was seen with PA cells from mice bearing syngeneic or allogeneic (to DBA/2J) fetuses. It was not due to a change in sensitivity to PHA dose or to active suppression (as demonstrated by mixing experiments). Phytohemagglutinin reactivity of cells from inguinal nodes of pregnant mice showed a more variable depression of response in comparison to that seen with cells from the draining PA nodes. The response of axillary and brachial node cells was similar to virgin values. Statistical analysis revealed no differences in the average number of PA lymphocytes or fetuses per mouse between mice bearing syngeneic or allogeneic fetuses. This parallels the similarities found between syngeneic and allogeneic matings in in vitro functional assays. This study demonstrates that pregnant mice (syngeneic or allogeneic) show only a decrease in T proliferative capacity localized to the area of the uterus, while such responses in the rest of the body are left essentially intact.
 ...
PMID:Cellular immunity during pregnancy. II. Response to T and B cell mitogens. 697 82

Male CBA/J mice were given a single dose of 200 mg of cyclophosphamide (CY) per kg 3 days before a first or second cutaneous inoculation with viable Candida albicans in an attempt to suppress antibody formation and determine the effects of such suppression on the development of acquired immunity. After cutaneous inoculation, mice not treated with CY developed acquired immunity to intravenous challenge, which was accompanied by the development of circulating antibodies, delayed hypersensitivity, and in vitro responsiveness of lymph node cells to Candida antigens. CY treatment resulted in an immediate depression of peripheral blood leukocytes, with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes rebounding quickly to normal or above normal levels while lymphocyte remained depressed throughout the 4-week observation period. In vitro stimulation of lymph node cells from CY-treated mice was depressed shortly after treatment; however, responses to phytohemagglutinin and three Candida antigens (a cell wall preparation, a membrane preparation, and soluble cytoplasmic substances) recovered, whereas the responses to lipopolysaccharide did not. CY effects on the cutaneous lesion were twofold; first, the number of viable Candida cells in the lesions was much higher in animals receiving CY 3 days before Candida inoculation, and second, the size of the dermal lesion was either greatly enhanced or reduced depending upon the time of CY treatment relative to the number of cutaneous Candida inoculations. CY-treated animals developed higher levels of delayed hypersensitivity to the membrane preparation when infected once cutaneously than did corresponding untreated animals. The number of mice responding with circulating antibodies to soluble cytoplasmic substances after cutaneous inoculation was greatly reduced in CY-treated groups, and this impaired ability to produce antibodies correlated with the poor survival of these mice after intravenous challenge. Our results suggest that the ability to produce antibody at the time of challenge is crucial to successful defense against systemic candidiasis in this murine model.
 ...
PMID:Effects of cyclophosphamide on murine candidiasis. 699 13

Groups of female C57BL/6 and C3H/St mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 10(9), 10(7), and 10(5) bacilli and into the right hind footpad with 10(7) and 10(5) bacilli of Mycobacterium lepraemurium. The incidence of death from leprosy and the mean survival time of leprous mice were recorded. In addition, the blastogenic responses to the T-cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A and to the B-cell mitogens lipopolysaccharide and dextran sulfate were evaluated at various times during the course of infection in the spleen and peripheral lymph nodes of mice infected with 10(7) bacilli. When M. lepraemurium was administered i.p., the two strains of mice succumbed to the disease at about the same time, except for the C57BL/6 mice infected with 10(9) bacilli, which died earlier than the C3H/St mice. Moreover, in both strains of mice, a progressive depression of blastogenesis, first to the T-cell mitogens and then to the B-cell mitogens in the spleen, and to the T-cell mitogens in the peripheral lymph nodes, occurred during the course of the infection, whereas the response to the B-cell mitogens in the nodes increased slowly during the advanced stage of the disease. When 10(7) and 10(5) bacilli were injected into the footpad, the C3H/St mice succumbed to the disease at 298 and 344 days, respectively, and the modifications of blastogenesis were similar to those observed in i.p.-infected C3H/St mice. In contrast, the C57BL/6 mice appeared resistant to footpad inoculation of M. lepraemurium, since they lived until the end of the observation period (466 days postinfection) and the depression of blastogenesis was not detectable until 1 year after the infection. Thus, it is concluded that for the C57BL/6 mice (but not for the C3H/St mice), the route of administration of M. lepraemurium can markedly influence the susceptibility or resistance to leprosy.
 ...
PMID:Influence of route of Mycobacterium lepraemurium injection on susceptibility to mouse leprosy and on lymphoblastic transformation. 699 20

The frequency of gram-negative infections and endotoxemia in the perinatal period prompted an investigation of the effects of endotoxin (Escherichia coli 026B6) on hepatic drug metabolism. Gravid female rats given injections IP with different dosages of lipopolysaccharide during late pregnancy resulted in significant depression of the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase activities. The acute administration of endotoxin to mothers (1.4 mg/kg on seventh day after parturition) significantly decreased the hepatic activity of aminopyrine demethylase and contents of cytochrome P-450 of suckling neonates and mothers. However, chronic administration of endotoxin (0.2 mg/kg/day for 7 days) to lactating mothers did not alter neonatal enzyme activities. When neonates themselves were given injections of endotoxin (1.0 mg/kg) at 7, 16, and 27 days of age, a significant reduction in levels of mixed function oxidase enzymes was observed. These observations suggest that the ability of mothers and neonates to metabolize drugs is significantly decreased upon exposure to endotoxin, and this demands careful evaluation of drug disposition studies in gram-negative sepsis.
 ...
PMID:Gram-negative endotoxin administration decreases hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes during development in rats. 699 41

Spleen and mesenteric lymph node cell blastogenic responses to the mitogens concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide and to parasite antigens were examined in vitro following removal from mice undergoing primary or secondary infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. During primary infection spleen cells showed a marked increase in proliferative responsiveness to both mitogens, followed by a marked depression thereafter. During a secondary infection the response of spleen cells to both mitogens remained depressed. In contrast, cells from the mesenteric lymph nodes of infected mice exhibited enhanced responsiveness to Con A and LPS, followed by depression of the response, followed by another cycle of enhancement upon reinfection. Sensitivity of both spleen and especially mesenteric lymph node cells to Nb antigens was greatest at approximately the time of worm expulsion: Day 13 after primary and Day 8 after secondary infection.
 ...
PMID:Modulation of lymphoid cell blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. 703 66

Hamsters infected intradermally with Treponema pallidum Bosnia A develop extensive chronic skin lesions, usually accompanied by metastatic lesions involving the paws, lips, and anal region and by lymph nodes teeming with treponemes. Throughout the course of syphilitic infection, cells from the inguinal lymph nodes responded poorly to stimulation with suboptimal, optimal, or supraoptimal concentrations of concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin P, or lipopolysaccharide. The response of syphilitic spleen cells was variable. Depression of lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens preceded clinical signs of infection and correlated well with the chronicity of syphilitic infection. When syphilitic hamsters were treated with a curative dose of penicillin, their mitogenic responses returned to normal or were slightly elevated. No correlation existed between mitogenic activity and the ability of lymphoid cells to induce an effective immune response when transferred to normal recipients. No significant differences in protection were detected among recipients of immune cells with or without activity to mitogens. These results demonstrate that lymphocyte transformation by mitogens in vitro is not a measure of effective treponemicidal activity and so may not be a valid indicator of the protective immune status of syphilitic animals.
 ...
PMID:Transfer of resistance with syphilitic immune cells: lack of correlation with mitogenic activity. 705 21

Norepinephrine content (microgram/g) was depressed in hearts and spleens of fasted male Holtzman rats treated intravenously with Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (14-17 mg/kg). To investigate the mechanism of norepinephrine depletion during endotoxicosis, in vivo norepinephrine reuptake was evaluated in control and severely shocked rats using the incorporation of 3H-norepinephrine into hearts and spleens. Incorporation of 3H-norepinephrine into spleens of endotoxic rats was reduced 88%, i.e., from a control of 2309 +/- 224 dpm/gm to 270 +/- 69 dpm/gm after endotoxin. In contrast, cardiac tissue incorporation of 3H-norepinephrine was not significantly impaired, i.e., control of 11838 +/- 845 dpm/gm versus severe shock of 17783 +/- 2904 dpm/gm. In vitro analysis of total norepinephrine retained in cardiac and splenic tissue slices incubated with 3H-norepinephrine yielded results consistent with in vivo experiments: Splenic norepinephrine reuptake was significantly decreased on the order of 50% in preparations from endotoxic rats, while myocardial norepinephrine reuptake was the same in both groups. The results indicate that depression of norepinephrine reuptake is a mechanism of norepinephrine depletion in spleens but not hearts of endotoxic rats.
 ...
PMID:Contribution of depressed reuptake to the depletion of norepinephrine from rat heart and spleen during endotoxin shock. 708 78


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>