Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Certain metabolic effects were investigated in post-menopausal women undergoing oral estrogen replacement therapy for 6 months using various substances. The increases in serum concentration of the estrogen-sensitive proteins, pregnancy zone protein (PZP), and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) had very similar and dose-dependent patterns. Ethinyl-estradiol was found to be much more potent than the "natural" estrogens. Estriol in various doses did not increase the protein level. Gonadotropin inhibition occurred in a dose-dependent manner. In terms of FSH suppression ethinyl-estradiol was approximately 120 times as potent as the "natural" estrogens. There was a striking resemblance between the "estrogenicity" of four different estrogens when expressed both in inhibition of gonadotropins and in induction of the two serum proteins SHBG and ceruloplasmin. Estriol caused a significant depression of FSH when given orally in a dose of 2 mg three times daily. Prolactin was found to decrease during treatment with low doses of estrogens. Estrogen therapy was found to have only moderate effects on adrenal androgens. Tamoxifen, and anti-estrogen, was found to exert distinctly estrogenic effects during treatment of post-menopausal women. In post-menopausal women with low amounts of circulating estrogens the tamoxifen-receptor complex itself may produce a net estrogenic response. Serum samples from post-menopausal women treated with ethinyl estradiol 0.05 mg and estrone sulphate 2.5 mg daily were found to reduce the lymphocyte reactivity in mixed lymphocyte cultures.
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PMID:Estrogen replacement therapy after the menopause. Estrogenicity and metabolic effects. 628 33

The short-term effects of different types and doses of oestrogen on serum lipids and lipoproteins were studied in 35 oophorectomized women. After 3 months treatment, serum cholesterol levels were unaffected by 1 and 2 mg of micronized 17 beta-oestradiol or 0.625 and 1.25 mg of conjugated equine oestrogens. Triglyceride levels were significantly elevated after treatment with 1.25 mg of conjugated oestrogens. A trend towards a higher relative proportion of high-density lipoproteins and a lower relative proportion of low-density lipoproteins was observed for all four oestrogen regimens, however, statistical significance was not achieved. The proportion of very-low-density lipoprotein was unaffected by oestrogen treatment. The age of the oophorectomized women was found to have no effect on either the direction or magnitude of the lipid or lipoprotein responses to oestrogen. Using FSH depression as an index, 1.25 mg of conjugated oestrogens was found to be the most potent of the four oestrogen regimens tested. Therefore, with respect to lipid balance, little additional clinical benefit is achieved by using a more potent regimen and the risk of adverse side effects may be increased.
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PMID:Lipids and lipoproteins in women after oophorectomy and the response to oestrogen therapy. 629 36

Gonadotropin responses to GnRH and PRL responses to TRH and metoclopramide (MTC) were investigated in nine consecutive women with amenorrhea and insulin-treated diabetes mellitus. Nine normal menstruating diabetic women, 12 normal women in the early follicular phase, and nine consecutive nondiabetic women with functional amenorrhea served as controls. No significant differences were found in relation to diabetes regulation within the two diabetic groups. Amenorrheic patients with diabetes mellitus had significantly lower basal PRL levels than normal women and estradiol levels compared to the other groups. Basal plasma LH concentrations were significantly lower in women with amenorrhea and diabetes mellitus than in nondiabetics with amenorrhea, whereas plasma FSH levels were similar in all groups. The LH response to GnRH was significantly lower in amenorrheic patients with diabetes mellitus than in normal women, and a significant correlation (r = 0.81, P less than 0.01) was found between the LH response to GnRH and the basal estradiol level in these women. The FSH response to GnRH and the PRL response to TRH were similar in all groups. Amenorrheic diabetics had significantly lower PRL responses to MTC compared to other groups, and nondiabetics with amenorrhea had significantly lower PRL response than normal women. It is concluded that diabetic patients with functional amenorrhea have low basal and MTC-stimulated PRL levels, low basal LH levels, and decreased LH response to GnRH despite low estrogen levels. These hormonal changes may in part be caused by a raised central dopaminergic activity leading to a depression of pituitary ovulatory mechanisms.
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PMID:Gonadotropin responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide in women with amenorrhea and insulin-treated diabetes mellitus. 640 66

Arginine vasotocin was injected into the third ventricle or intravenously in conscious, ovariectomized rats and its effect on gonadotropin and prolactin release evaluated. The peptide lowered plasma levels of both LH and prolactin in doses of 40 or 100 ng given intraventricularly. The higher dose was slightly more effective than the lower dose. Intravenous injection of a 1-microgram dose of vasotocin failed to alter plasma LH in the ovariectomized animals; however, a 5-micrograms dose induced a slight depression apparent at only 60 min following injection. Intravenous injection of 1 microgram produced a significant lowering of plasma prolactin, whereas a dramatic lowering followed the injection of the higher dose. Plasma FSH was unaffected in these experiments. Incubation of dispersed anterior pituitary cells from ovariectomized rats with various doses of vasotocin revealed no effect of the peptide on the release of FSH, LH, or prolactin. It also did not alter the response to LHRH, but it partially blocked the action of dopamine to inhibit prolactin release. The data indicate that quite low doses of arginine vasotocin act within the brain to inhibit LH and prolactin secretion in ovariectomized, conscious animals.
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PMID:Effects of arginine vasotocin on levels of plasma gonadotropins and prolactin in ovariectomized conscious rats. 640 23

To study the types of patients with climacteric syndrome who respond to conjugated estrogen therapy, we investigated the results of 1- to 2-month therapy in 52 patients by comparing their pre- and post-drug level of blood estradiol (E2), FSH and LH as well as comparing information through a questionnaire on menopausal complaints listed according to Kupperman. Predrug E2 in the patients studied was lower than normal, but the lowering was not significantly specific to any particular climacteric symptom. Blood FSH was higher in the patients complaining of hot flushing, sweating, depression, feeling of something sticking in the throat, and decreased sexual desire, whereas blood LH was higher in the patients with hot flushing and sweating. Changes in various symptom were investigated in relation to hormonal changes found after conjugated estrogen therapy. In the patients whose E2 was increased and FSH and LH were decreased after the therapy, hot flushing, cold sensation, excitability and insomnia were ameliorated at a high rate. Numbness was favorably treated in the patients responding with increased E2, whereas shoulder stiffness, fatigability and headache was reduced in those responding with decreased LH.
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PMID:[Blood levels of estradiol, FSH and LH in women with climacteric syndrome--conjugated estrogen therapy]. 642 67

In patients treated for prostatic carcinoma with oestrogen, orchiectomy or external radiation, serum concentrations of testosterone, LH, FSH, prolactin, TeBG and oestradiol-17 beta as well as changes in sexual behaviour and mental mood were studied. Oestrogen treatment as well as orchiectomy reduced serum testosterone concentration to similar values. Neither totally nor subcapsularly orchiectomized patients responded to HCG stimulation. The free testosterone was 68% lower in oestrogen treated than in orchiectomized patients, probably due to a high TeBG concentration induced by oestrogens. patients oestrogen treated for less than 3 years and in whom the treatment had been withdrawn had normal serum testosterone and LH at follow-up. In contrast, low serum testosterone concentration and normal LH were found after oestrogen cessation in patients oestrogen treated for more than 3 years indicating reduced Leydig cell, and/or hypothalamic-hypophyseal function. In patients oestrogen treated for more than 3 years the serum testosterone concentration neither increased after oestrogen cessation nor decreased after orchiectomy. Absorbed testes doses during radiation treatment were measured from a few to more than 10 Gy but were reduced by about 50% if the gonads were protected by lead shields during anterior and posterior treatment sessions. Radiation may affect gonadal function as decreased serum testosterone concentration and increased LH, FSH were found after treatment. Sexual function was altered after oestrogen, orchiectomy and radiation treatment. Sexual activity and capability were distinctly better maintained after radiation than after orchiectomy or oestrogen treatment. Sixty-seven percent of the patients had coitus or masturbated after radiation treatment, all experiencing orgasm. Patients on oestrogen treatment or after orchiectomy had coitus/masturbation less often (17% in both groups). They also experienced orgasm less often (8% and 17% respectively). The group of patients on oestrogen treatment had a higher average score for depression than those treated with orchiectomy or radiation treatment.
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PMID:Some effects of orchiectomy, oestrogen treatment and radiation therapy in patients with prostatic carcinoma. 642 40

Basal plasma concentrations of Prl, LH, FSH, GH, TSH, T3, T4, resin T3 uptake ( RT3U ), and oestradiol as well as hormone responses to iv metoclopramide (MTC) were investigated in 16 consecutive patients with normoprolactinaemic, normogonadotrophic amenorrhoea. The control group consisted of 17 normal menstruating women between day 3 and 6 of the menstrual cycle. The mean age of the amenorrhoeic patients was 24.0 years (range 19 to 34) and the mean duration of amenorrhoea was 31 months (range 12 to 60). Amenorrhoeic patients had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower basal levels of LH, oestradiol and RT3U , whereas other hormone levels were similar in the two groups. Plasma Prl and TSH concentrations rose significantly (P less than 0.05) after the administration of MTC in the two groups. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.69 P less than 0.01) was found between the TSH response to MTC and basal TSH levels in controls, but not in amenorrhoeic patients. Plasma LH levels increased significantly (P less than 0.05) in amenorrhoeic patients, but not in controls. The Prl and TSH responses to MTC were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower in amenorrhoeic patients than in normal women. In amenorrhoeic patients none of the hormonal parameters correlated significantly (P greater than 0.05) with the percentage of ideal body weight. It is concluded that the hormonal changes in amenorrhoeic patients may in part be caused by a raised dopaminergic activity leading to a depression of central ovulatory mechanisms.
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PMID:Evidence of altered dopaminergic modulation of Prl, LH and TSH secretion in patients with normoprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. 642 18

The effect of oral estrogen replacement therapy upon somatic and psychical disturbances and sexuality was studied in a double-blind investigation in 48 postmenopausal women using hormone preparations with two different levels of micronized estradiol-17 beta (E2) as active estrogen component. The patients were treated for 8 months in four 2-month periods with two preparations containing 1-2 mg of E2 (TrisekvensR and EstrofemR), with one preparation containing 1-4 mg of E2 (TrisekvensR forte) and with a placebo preparation. Investigations performed before and during treatment included general clinical chemical analysis, serum levels of FSH, LH and E2 and evaluation of the patients' somatic and psychical disturbances and sexuality. The patients were classified into three subgroups according to their pretreatment scores for mental distress and/or depression: severe (group I), moderate (group II), or no (group III) mental distress and/or depression. No significant differences between the three subgroups were found in pretreatment values from the general clinical chemical analysis or the hormone assays. Estrogen treatment significantly reduced S-total cholesterol values in all three subgroups; otherwise no significant effects were revealed by the general clinical chemical analysis. During the period of optimal wellbeing, serum E2 levels corresponded to luteal phase values. The gonadotropin levels, although depressed by approx. 50%, were still within the postmenopausal range. There were no significant differences between the two subgroups in hormone levels obtained during optimal estrogen treatment. Twenty-one patients had the best test results when treated with the larger dose (TrisekvensR forte) and 23 with the smaller dose (TrisekvensR and EstrofemR) and 4 during placebo treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The effect of estrogen therapy on somatic and psychical symptoms in postmenopausal women. 644 Apr 6

Considerable attention has been paid to studies of hormonal response abnormalities in depressed patients, and functional changes have been demonstrated in a number of neuroendocrine axes. The findings from the present study extend the results of previous investigations but demonstrate a functionally intact HPG axis in depressed patients. A number of statements can be made concerning the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) strategy: (1) Previous studies utilizing GnRH challenge have been limited in number and poorly controlled. (2) We chose to utilize our normative data because standard gonadotropin response ranges to GnRH have not previously been established in studies with depressed patients. Moreover, hormonal responses may be affected by age, sex, menstrual status, dose, and method and rate of GnRH administration. The assessment of the hormonal responses to GnRH in depressed patients and healthy controls studied under identical conditions provides the most accurate basis for comparison. (3) The incidence of abnormal LH and FSH release in depressed subjects was similar to controls, in contrast to response abnormalities found with other neuroendocrine axes. (4) Alterations in gonadotropin were limited to FSH, were sporadic, and did not differ significantly from controls. This finding is of interest and suggests that neuroendocrine alterations in depression do not necessarily affect all neuroendocrine axes.
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PMID:Gonadotropin release after administration of GnRH in depressed patients and healthy volunteers. 645 52

The effect of a highly active agonistic analogue analogue of LH-RH on testicular weight an pituitary gonadotropin levels was studied in male rats previously treated with estrogens. These steroids induced a considerable depression of testicular weight. In the first experiment the treatment with a high dose (4 microgram daily) of D-Ala-6-des-Gly-10-LH-RH-ethylamide, the superactive analogue used, further depressed testicular weight and pituitary gonadotropins. In a second experiment, the treatment with lower doses (100 ng daily) of the analogue in estrogen-treated rats induced a slight but significant stimulatory effect on testicular weight and pituitary FSH content. In the third experiment none of the three doses of the analogue used (1, 10, or 100 ng daily) modified testicular weight when the treatment was started shortly after the administration of estrogens. It is concluded that, according to the dose of the analogue used, it is possible to observe inhibitory or stimulatory effect on testes and pituitary gonadotropin levels.
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PMID:Effects of a superactive analogue of LH-RH on the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis in male rats pretreated with estrogens. 678 60


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