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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytic activity and glucose metabolism were evaluated during lung tumour growth in adult rats challenged i.v. with 10(5) viable Walker 256 tumour cells. Phagocytosis was estimated by the in vitro uptake of (14)C-labelled Pseudomonas aeruginosa and glucose oxidation was evaluated by (14)CO(2) production from 1-(14)C-glucose. AM were harvested by lung lavage from rats prior to and at 7 and 21 days following i.v. tumour-cell challenge. Macroscopic lung tumour nodules were not observed by 7 days after tumour challenge. However, 3 weeks after tumour challenge, tumour nodules were clearly identifiable on the surfaces of the lungs. One week after the i.v. tumour challenge a marked increase in the number of AM was evident. The in vitro phagocytosis of (14)C-labelled Pseudomonas aeruginosa was unaltered at that time, but became progressively depressed thereafter. Three weeks after tumour challenge, this decrease in phagocytic activity was evident when cells were incubated in normal serum, and was furtheri ntensified by serum obtained from tumour-bearing animals. Glucose oxidation by AM in either the resting condition or during bacterial phagocytosis was clearly decreased at both 1 and 3 weeks following i.v. tumour challenge. These findings indicate that the growth of pulmonary metastases is associated with a depression of alveolar macrophage bacterial phagocytic capacity, perturbations in serum opsonic activity and distinct alterations in macrophage energy metabolism. The metabolic dysfunction may impair pulmonary macrophage host defences against lung tumour growth.
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PMID:Inhibition of phagocytosis and glucose metabolism of alveolar macrophages during pulmonary tumour growth. 59 70

The influence of surgical stress on resistance to i.v. challenge with Walker 256 tumour cells was investigated in rats, with respect to the functional state of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Phagocytic activity of the RES was evaluated by colloid (gelatinized [131I] "RE test lipid emulsion") clearance, and opsonin levels were determined by bioassay. Reticuloendothelial clearance capacity was significantly (P less than 0-05) depressed 60 min following surgery (coeliotomy plus jejunal enterotomy) as quantified by both humoral and cellular parameters of RE function. Phagocytic depression was primarily due to impaired hepatic Kupffer cell function and related to a deficiency in the phagocytic supporting capacity of plasma, also referred to as opsonic or recognition factor (RF) capacity. During the postoperative period of RES colloid clearance depression, pulmonary localization of the blood-borne test particulate matter increased. Rats challenged with 51Cr-labelled viable tumour cells at a dose of 1-0 X 106 i.v., either prior to or during the postoperative period of RE depression, manifested a significant (P less than 0-05) increment in pulmonary localization of the viable tumour cells, and a decrease (P less than 0-05) in hepatic clearance. Evaluation of survival patterns demonstrated a significant (P less than 0-01) decrease in host resistance to i.v. tumour cell challenge (2 X 103 cells) during the postoperative period of RE depression and hypo-opsonaemia. Sham-anaesthetized control animals survived 17-9 +/- 0-8 days, while animals challenged during the period of RE depression survived 7-9 +/- 0-4 days. An increased incidence of respiratory distress and nasal discharge was observed in the animals with impaired survival. Thus, surgical manipulation may transiently compromise RES systemic host defence and may be reflected in an increment in the pulmonary localization of blood-borne tumour cells. The relationship of this altered pattern of tumour cell distribution to the impaired survival remains to be determined, and warrants investigations.
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PMID:Decreased resistance to intravenous tumour-cell challenge during reticuloendothelial depression following surgery. 97 4

In a collective of 200 Wistar rats, the influence of anticoagulants upon the rat tail tumor (Walker 256 carcinosarcoma) was checked with and without irradiation. After implantation of the tumor and development of a certain definite tumor volume, the animals were divided into four different groups of 50 rats each. The first one was the control group without any manipulation, the second received an one-stage X-irradiation with 2500 R SD directed to the tail tumor, the third was treated with an oral dose of Phenprocoumon which was added to the daily drinking quantity (0.1 mg/kg body weight), and the fourth group was given an one-stage X-irradiation together with the oral Phenprocoumon treatment. The influence of these different treatments on the growth of the primary tumor, on the incidence of metastases and on the death rate was checked up. The best therapeutical effect was observed with combined radiation and Phenprocoumon treatment. The therapy resulted in an almost complete growth rate depression of the primary tumor, in an early tendency of remission of the primary tumor, a 42 per cent decrease of the incidence of metastases to the lung, and a 42 per cent increase of the survival rate. With regard to the frequency of metastases and to the survival rate, treatment with Phenprocoumon alone showed significantly better results as sole radiation treatment.
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PMID:[The influencing of rat-tail tumors with and without irradiation]. 125 92

Support has always been considered an important nursing concept. However, there is no agreement among nurse researchers as to a conceptual definition of supportive nursing or meaningful supportive behaviors. Clarification of the concept, support in nursing, is necessary to promote communication among nurses on nursing behaviors that are effective in providing support and on understanding the relevant properties and characteristics of the concept, supportive nursing care. The objectives of the study were: 1. to analyze the concept, support in nursing, in order to provide a definition of supportive nursing care, and 2. to operationalize the definition of supportive nursing care and use it as an experimental nursing intervention for patients with low back pain. The first part of the study used the concept analysis approach developed by Walker and Avant (1983) to define the concept of supportive nursing care. The properties of supportive nursing care, defined by this analysis, included perception of supportive need, reciprocal interaction (Transaction), listening, providing empathy and information related to health, and confirmation of the patient's verbal and non-verbal response. The second part, the experimental part of the study, was done using King's(1970) Interpersonal Theory for Nursing. The concept, supportive nursing care, as defined in the concept analysis was operationalized and used as the experimental intervention. The experiment tested the effectiveness of the independent variable, supportive nursing care on the dependent variables, depression, mood and patient satisfaction, in the patients with low back pain in army hospitals. The instruments used to measure the dependent variables were Zung's(1965) Self-Rating Depression Scale, Ryman and Colleagues' (1974) Mood Questionnaire and LaMonica and Colleagues' (1986) Patient Satisfaction Scale. The experimental design used for this study was a Solomon 4 group experimental design. This design has the strength of allowing for observation of the main effects of supportive nursing care and pretesting, and for observation of the interaction effects of pretesting and supportive nursing care. The design includes one experimental group and three control groups. The Subjects of this study were 150 young male patients with low back pain on Neuro-Surgical Wards in three general army hospitals. There were 35 in the experimental group, 39 in the pre-posttest control group, 36 in the treatment-posttest control group and 40 in the posttest only control group. Supportive nursing care, as operationalized by the researcher according to the concept analysis, was given to the patients in the experimental group and the treatment-posttest control group, individually for 30 minute sessions, every other day for 5 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The effect of supportive nursing care on depression, mood and satisfaction in military patients with low back pain]. 214 33

Concept analysis is a formal linguistic exercise to determine certain defining attributes. The basic purpose of concept analysis is to clarify ambiguous concepts in a theory, and to propose a precise operational definition which reflects its theoretical base (Walker, 198 3, 27-28). In later life, elderly people are faced with various psychological problems such as depression, and lowered self-esteem for these psychological problems of the elderly. Reminiscence has been studied as an effective therapeutic measure by gerontologists and psychologists. It is considered to have potential as an effective nursing intervention with geriatric clients. The purpose of this paper was to explore the feasibility of adopting reminiscence as a nursing intervention through analysis of the concept. The concept can be defined as follows: Reminiscence is thinking and talking about one's past with or without a specific purpose. It is a composite mental process which involves psychological, emotional, and social interactional aspects. The defining attributes of reminiscence are: 1. Thinking about past experiences which are meaningful to oneself. 2. It includes the emotional aspect of past experiences. 3. It occurs with or without specific purposes. 4. It is communicated to others by means of language and the subject has the feeling of being heard. In regard to the consequences of reminiscence, it is expected to contribute to psychological adaptation by providing a sense of self-fulfillment and self-achievement, promoting the discovery of the meaning of life, decreasing depression, and overcoming guilt feelings and conflict about one's past. However, if the past is regarded as a total failure, it may be harmful to the psychological well-being of the subject.
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PMID:[Concept analysis: reminiscence]. 273 37

The new phospholipid analogue 3-hexadecylmercapto-2-methoxy-methyl-propyl-1-phosphocholine inhibits the phospholipid-calcium-dependent protein kinase, partially purified from Walker carcinoma cells with a Ki value of 0.56 microM. The compound inhibits the phorbol ester stimulated phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 indicating that the depression of Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by the alkyl phospholipid also occurs in intact cells. The dose effect curve for the inhibition of cell proliferation by 3-hexadecylmercapto-2-methoxy-methyl-propyl-1-phosphocholine in Walker cells exhibits a close correlation to the dose effect curve for the depression of Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity. Although alternative mechanisms cannot be excluded, the data suggest that the growth inhibitory activity of 3-hexadecylmercapto-2-methoxy-methyl-propyl-1-phosphocholine correlates with the inhibition of Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase. The antiproliferative activity of 3-hexadecylmercapto-2-methoxy-methyl-propyl-1-phosphocholine is synergistically enhanced by cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II).
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PMID:Synergistic enhancement of the antiproliferative activity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) by the ether lipid analogue BM41440, an inhibitor of protein kinase C. 275 9

Using quantitative autoradiography, we investigated the effect of meningeal carcinomatosis on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU). A rat model of meningeal carcinomatosis using Walker 256 tumor was used. LCGU was evaluated using 14C-2-deoxy-D-glucose according to the Sokoloff method. Thirty-one neuroanatomic structures were evaluated, both separately and as part of five functional or neuroanatomic groups: olfactory, auditory, visual, limbic, and white matter. The relationship between tumor and LCGU of underlying brain was examined. Compared with controls, there was no global change of LCGU in the experimental group that applied to all structures. However, mean LCGU was significantly depressed in olfactory cortex, temporal cortex, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, caudate/putaman, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, anterior commissure, and corpus callosum, and the functional groups that make up the olfactory and auditory systems. There was no correlation between extent of regional tumor burden and degree of depression of LCGU in underlying structures. In meningeal carcinomatosis, tumor results in selective regional depression of LCGU. This occurs both in structures underlying tumor and those anatomically remote, but in certain cases, functionally related to structures subadjacent to tumor. These data may help to explain the diversity of neurologic dysfunction seen in patients with meningeal cancer.
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PMID:Experimental meningeal carcinomatosis selectively depresses local cerebral glucose utilization in rat brain. 290 19

The rate and mode of DNA synthesis was examined by thymidine uptake and by flow cytometry in Walker tumour cells highly sensitive to difunctional agents (WS), and in a derived subline of resistant cells (WR) (Rawlings and Roberts, 1986), following their treatment with sulphur mustard. Both cell lines exhibited the same dose-dependent and progressive depression in rate of DNA synthesis for up to 4 h after treatment. Thereafter the depression in rate of synthesis was partially reversed in the WR cells but DNA synthesis continued to decrease in the WS cells resulting in their slower transit through the S phase and a persistent block in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Sensitive cells which finally escaped the block in G2 carried more chromosome aberrations than the corresponding resistant cells. Neither cell line was defective in daughter strand-gap repair. In their sensitivity to difunctional but not to monofunctional compounds, their failure to recover from the early depression of DNA synthesis, their apparent lack of a defect in excision repair and their sensitivity to chromosome aberration induction, the Walker cell phenotype closely resembles that of the human Fanconi's anaemia cell.
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PMID:The unique sensitivity of Walker rat tumour cells to difunctional agents is associated with a failure to recover from inhibition of DNA synthesis and increased chromosome damage. 376 63

Rats bearing transplantable Walker 256 carcinoma provide an opportunity to assess thyroid function and activity during an interval of time when the tumor has not affected growth rate. Rats with tumor have decreased serum T4 and T3 concentration and decreased serum FT4 and FT3 as well. These changes are due to a decrease in binding of iodothyronines by the serum binding proteins, an increase in the fractional rate of T4 metabolism and a decrease in thyroidal secretion. The decrease in activity of the thyroid gland appears to be due to reduced sensitivity of the thyroid to circulating TSH. Despite decreased serum FT4 and FT3 concentrations, serum TSH remains normal, not increased as would be anticipated in a hypothyroidal animal. Nevertheless, a further experimental decrease in serum T4 and/ or T3 from the already reduced serum iodothyronine levels of the tumor bearing rat results in a normal increment in serum TSH. Thus, TSH secretion appears to be regulated normally despite decreased concentrations of pituitary nuclear T3. This finding suggests that tumor bearing rats have greater than normal sensitivity to T3 in their regulation of TSH secretion. Rats with Walker 256 carcinoma have decreased concentrations of hepatic nuclear T3 receptors and a decrease in T3 specifically bound to the receptors. The fractional occupancy of hepatic nuclear receptors appears relatively normal. The dose-response of alpha-GPD in relation to fractional nuclear T3 receptor occupancy appears shifted up and to the left in tumor bearing rats, whereas the curve for ME is shifted down to the right. The appearance rates of these enzymes are described by similar functions. These findings suggest that postreceptor factors in tumor bearing rats may result in augmentation of some and depression of other biologic responses to thyroid hormones. If the results of these studies are extended to sick patients, they may provide a possible mechanism whereby patients maintain the euthyroid clinical state despite a decrease in serum T3. Thus, postreceptor factors may enhance those thyroidal responses which characterize the euthyroid clinical state. Moreover, attenuation of other thyroidal responses related to conservation of protein may provide a distinct adaptive advantage to the patient with nonthyroidal illness with or without decreased food consumption.
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PMID:Animal models of nonthyroidal disease. 388 30

A Walker 256 rat mammary carcinoma cell line (WR) resistant to bifunctional nitrogen mustards has been shown to have an approximate twofold increase in bulk glutathione-S-transferase activity compared to the parent cell line. Substrate specificity studies suggest that higher levels of Yb subunit contribute to the increased activity. By exposing WR cells to additional chlorambucil, either as a single concentration (50 micrograms/ml) or at 5 micrograms/ml for 10 days, transferase activity was further increased by up to three times the normal WR level. By using colony-forming assays, mitotic index depression, or trypan blue exclusion, the increased transferase activity could be correlated with an increase in resistance of these cells to either subsequent chlorambucil or a different bifunctional nitrogen mustard, phosphoramide mustard.
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PMID:Increased glutathione-S-transferase activity in a cell line with acquired resistance to nitrogen mustards. 401 71


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