Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Reproductive depression is the depression in women that is related to the hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and the menopause and is manifested clinically as premenstrual depression, postnatal depression and climacteric depression. These three components occur in the same vulnerable women in that a woman with depression in the menopausal transition will usually have a history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS; premenstrual dysphoric disorder [PMDD]), would have been in a good mood during pregnancy and then develop postnatal depression. When the periods return the depression becomes cyclical as PMS. These three conditions are effectively treated with transdermal estrogens which should be the first-choice therapy rather than antidepressants. Estrogens can be used together with antidepressants. The critical time to prevent long-term mood problems is the correct treatment of postnatal depression. In women with low energy and libido, often a side effect of antidepressants, the addition of transdermal testosterone is useful. These women with reproductive depression are often progesterone/progestogen intolerant and a smaller dose or duration of progestogen is a necessary compromise. Alternatively a Mirena IUS or rarely a hysterectomy is required.
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PMID:Reproductive depression. 2239 3

1. Water was removed by means of concentrated solutions from chloroplasts which were isolated from leaves of spinach and beets. During and after the dehydration Hill reaction and cyclic photophosphorylation with PMS as a cofactor were investigated. As osmotic amterial glucose, sucrose, lutrol and NaCl were used. 2. No depression of ferricyanide reduction was obtained in 3 M sugar solution and in 2.5 M lutrol solution. These concentrations correspond to a loss of water amounting to 90% of the total water of leaf cells. In contrast, cyclic photophosphorylation was already decreased in 1-2 M solutions of sugar or lutrol, that means by much less dehydration. In 3 M solutions only 5-25% of the activity of the water saturated controls remained. However, this decrease in cyclic photophosphorylation occurred only when chloroplasts were kept dehydrated during the light reaction. When chloroplasts were permitted to return to optimal water conditions photophosphorylation was no longer inhibited. Therefore, extensive loss of water leads to reversible uncoupling of photophosphorylation from electron transport. 3. Relatively low concentrations of NaCl (as compared with sugar concentrations) damage the ability of chloroplasts to perform Hill reaction and photophosphorylation. Inactivation of the reactions is partly reversible at low concentrations of NaCl and irreversible at high concentrations. 4. The osmotic potential of leaves of sugar beet increased with increasing dehydration. Within a limited range the osmotic behaviour of the cell sap of leaf cells during dehydration was identical with that of NaCl solutions. 5. The possibility of correlating in vitro experiments in which dehydration is simulated by exposure of chloroplasts to various solutions with in vivo experiments using intact leaves which are dehydrated to different degrees is demonstrated.
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PMID:[Hill reaction and photophosphorylation of isolated chloroplasts in relation to water content : I. Removal of water by means of concentrated solutions]. 2455 71

An email survey of patients attending a PMS and Menopause Centre produced 238 patients whose principal presenting symptom was depression. Seventy-seven percent claimed to have had severe or moderate depression, 17% had had at least one psychotic episode and 14% had attempted suicide. Fifty-eight percent had seen a psychiatrist. Seventy-one percent had received antidepressants and 17% had received mood stabilising drugs. Twelve percent had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital and 3.8% had received electroconvulsive therapy. Sixty-eight percent had premenstrual syndrome as a teenager and 145 women (89%) out of 165 women who had been pregnant had no depression during pregnancy but 110 (66%) developed postnatal depression. Ninety-seven women (58%) who had been pregnant had suffered both premenstrual depression and postnatal depression. All were treated with transdermal estrogens and 93% also had transdermal testosterone. One hundred and seventy-one patients had a uterus and received cyclical progestogen to protect the endometrium and 63% of these developed the premenstrual syndrome-type symptoms of progesterone intolerance during the progestogen days. Thirty-five percent of patients claimed to be cured and 55% had a considerable improvement with estrogen therapy. Only 3.7% reported that there was no improvement. For 94%, the hormone therapy was a life-changing event for the better. None were worse. Forty patients had hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy for progesterone intolerance or heavy uterine bleeding and 38 replied that it was life changing for the better with less or no depression. It is concluded that premenstrual and postnatal depressions appear in the same vulnerable women. These women are typically well during pregnancy and are a sub group of reproductive depression which also develops climacteric depression in the transition phase. These types of depression are the product of hormonal changes and respond well to transdermal hormone therapy.
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PMID:Hormone therapy for reproductive depression in women. 2539 72

In this study we aimed to examine the relationship between PMS and some mental health variables (anxiety, depression, neuroticism) and coping strategies. We analyzed their predictive value by assessing 55 women's symptoms. We found that all the studied health variables and coping strategies were significantly correlated with reported PMS's Negative Symptomatology scores in the premenstrual phase. Interdisciplinary training programs on instrumental coping strategies might be carried out. In future studies researchers might examine how severe Depression would impact on PMS, and which specific intervention strategies would diminish PMS's distressing effects on women's quality of life worldwide.
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PMID:The role of mental health variables and coping strategies in premenstrual syndrome. 3162 84

There are different case definitions of premenstrual syndrome, one proposed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and another based on the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) scores. Here we review our recent findings indicating that the gold-standard methods to assess PMS, including ACOG, induce a high degree of false-negative findings. We propose a new case definition of the menstrual cycle-associated syndrome (MCAS), which is characterized by increased DRSP scores during the menstrual cycle and by symptom increases the week prior to the menses. The MCAS case definition was externally validated by diverse biomarkers including plasma levels of progesterone and estradiol, chemokines (e.g. CCL2, CCL5 and CCL11), epidermal growth factor, hydroperoxides, paraoxonase 1 activity and complement C4. These biomarkers as well as IgA responses to Gram-negative bacteria are significantly associated with the DRSP and its subdomains including depression, anxiety, and physiosomatic (fatigue, pain) symptoms. In conclusion, we propose, to a) use the MCAS diagnosis as an indicant of menstrual cycle-related symptoms; and b) examine the associations of the time series in the DRSP and its subdomains and those in biomarkers including distributed lag models. Aberrations in the uterine-chemokine-brain-axis underpin the pathophysiology of MCAS whereby suboptimal pre-ovulatory follicular development coupled with a relative corpus luteum insufficiency may drive increased chemokine production, lowered antioxidant defenses, neuro-oxidative stress pathways, and increased bacterial translocation. As such, we have delineated new drug targets for the treatment of MCAS. This opinion paper reviews new possible treatments that should be trialed in MCAS.
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PMID:Biomarker validation of a new case definition of menstrual cycleassociated syndrome (MCAS) Opinion Paper. 3299 80


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