Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study examined the effects of dexamethasone on mucosal adaptation after massive small bowel resection. Rats underwent 80% jejunoileal resection or a sham operation and received either vehicle or 128 micrograms.kg-1.day-1 sc dexamethasone for 7 days. Dexamethasone infusion resulted in decreased weight, DNA content, and protein content in the duodenojejunal and ileal mucosa in both sham and resected rats. Sucrase, lactase, and maltase activities (all in mumol.g protein-1.min-1) in the duodenojejunal mucosa were elevated by dexamethasone infusion. By contrast, enzyme activities were elevated only in the ileal mucosa of dexamethasone-infused sham-operated rats compared with sham-operated control rats, and dexamethasone did not elevate enzyme activities in resected rats. We further examined whether the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on mucosal adaptation may be related to changes in either insulin-like growth factor (IGF) or IGF binding protein (BP) serum levels. Serum IGF-I and IGF-II levels were markedly decreased in dexamethasone-infused resected and sham-operated rats. IGF BP-1 serum levels were elevated by dexamethasone treatment with a concomitant depression in serum IGF BP-2 levels. IGF BP-3 levels were lowered by dexamethasone treatment in sham-operated rats and by gut resection, and serum IGF BP-4 levels did not change. These results suggest that the growth-inhibiting effects of dexamethasone in small intestinal mucosa may be partially mediated by decreased serum IGF levels or by alterations in IGF activity associated with changes in serum levels of IGF BPs.
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PMID:Dexamethasone inhibits mucosal adaptation after small bowel resection. 751 28

This study examines acute changes in circulating levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) during short periods of myocardial ischemia experienced at coronary angioplasty. Ten patients (mean age 55.7 +/- 3.9 years, nine men) undergoing angioplasty to the left anterior descending coronary artery were studied. Angioplasty of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed with the balloon inflations maintained at 6 to 10 atm for 20 to 90 seconds. Blood was sampled from the coronary sinus for ANP, IGF-1 (both total and free), and lactate levels at (1) after catheterization of the coronary sinus, (2) after the initial left coronary angiography, (3) immediately after balloon deflation, and (4) 5 minutes after deflation. ANP levels (pmol/L +/- SEM) rose significantly at the end of balloon deflation (13.4 +/- 2.8; p < 0.01) compared with baseline levels (8.8 +/- 1.9). This rise was sustained for at least 5 minutes after balloon deflation (13.7 +/- 3.1; p < 0.01). ANP levels were not affected by the injections of angiographic contrast media. Free IGF-1 levels rose after injections of radiographic contrast but not after balloon inflation or deflation. Total IGF-1 levels did not change significantly at any of the sampling times. Lactic acid (mmol/L) levels rose at the end of balloon inflation (2.66 +/- 0.6) compared with baseline (2.13 +/- 0.7; p < 0.05) but returned to normal within 5 minutes of balloon deflation. Neither lactic acid levels nor release of ANP or IGF-1 correlated with the initial left ventricular end-diastolic pressure or the degree of electrocardiographic ST depression during the procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Acute changes in atrial natriuretic peptide, insulin-like growth factor-1, and lactate levels during left anterior descending coronary artery angioplasty. 757 78

In view of the extensive use of anthelmintics in sheep and the fact that their activity may in part depend upon the immune system, we were interested to determine if ivermectin had any influence on aspects of the sheep immune response. Ten parasite-free 6-month-old lambs were drenched with ivermectin and 1 day later were given intravenously human erythrocytes and subcutaneously ovalbumin. Ten other lambs with injected antigens were not drenched and served as controls. Both groups were bled at intervals for cells and serum. The procedure was repeated on day 28. Lymphocytes from the drenched lambs, cultured in vitro in RPMI plus 50% autologous serum collected up to 7 and 14 days after the first and second antigen injections respectively, had decreased blastogenic activity compared with lymphocytes from control lambs. Similar results were obtained with lymphocytes cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 50% autologous serum plus concanavalin A (Con A) or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). When washed, lymphocytes were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% foetal calf serum (FCS) or 5% FCS plus Con A or PHA, decreased blastogenesis was observed but blastogenesis depression was not as marked as that observed with autologous serum. Similar antibody responses were seen for the drenched and control groups in response to the two injections of both antigens except that after the second injection, there was a significant reduction in antibody response to ovalbumin in the ivermectin-treated lambs. There were no differences in serum complement or serum nitric oxide levels between the two groups at any stage, but insulin-like growth factor-1 levels were significantly reduced in serum of the ivermectin-treated group, 4 days after each drench. Growth hormone levels were consistently significantly higher 22 days after both drenchings. There was no difference in mean body weight increase between the groups during the experiment.
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PMID:Influence of ivermectin on cellular and humoral immune responses of lambs. 774 11

The influence of the activities of daily living on human growth hormone (hGH) release and plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) levels is not known. Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and paralysis generally have reduced levels of activity compared with ambulatory subjects. We studied sixteen subjects with SCI and sixteen nonSCI subjects matched for age, gender and body mass index (BMI) as controls. After an intravenous infusion of arginine hydrochloride (30 g/subject over 30 minutes), mean plasma hGH values at 30 and 60 minutes were significantly lower in the group with SCI compared with the control group (3.4 +/- 0.7 versus 10.7 +/- 2.5 ng/ml, p < 0.01; and 5.2 +/- 1.5 versus 12.5 +/- 2.7 ng/ml, p < 0.05). Also, peak and sum hGH responses were significantly lower in the group with SCI than in the control group (5.8 +/- 1.5 versus 14.1 +/- 2.8 ng/ml, p < 0.01; and 15.2 +/- 3.1 versus 34.8 +/- 7.2 ng/ml, p < 0.02). Controlling for age and BMI, the results remained significant. However, the mean plasma IGF-I level was significantly lower in SCI subjects younger than 45 years old than in the similar subgroup of age-restricted controls (202 +/- 19 versus 324 +/- 27 ng/ml, p < 0.05), whereas, a comparison of subgroups of subjects 45 years or older did not reveal a significant difference. These findings support the hypothesis that decreased daily physical activity results in depression of the hGH/IGF-I axis in younger individuals with SCI and may be considered to be a state of premature aging.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Blunted growth hormone response to intravenous arginine in subjects with a spinal cord injury. 800 64

Four experiments in Syrian hamsters examined the role and possible interaction of photoperiod, gonadal steroids, and the pineal on circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). In the first experiment, female hamsters were exposed to long photoperiod (LP; 14:10 LD) or short photoperiod (SP; 8:16 LD); an additional group of SP-exposed females was pinealectomized (PX). SP induced a significant depression in IGF-1 concentrations which PX partially prevented. In Experiment 2, two groups (control and castrate [CX]) of adult male hamsters were kept in LP, and three groups (intact, CX, and CX+PX) of hamsters were kept in SP for five weeks. The four groups of animals that were CX and/or maintained in SP had approximately the same mean level of IGF-1, and all four groups were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than the LP-control hamsters. In Experiment 3, four groups (intact controls, CX, CX+melatonin pellet [MEL PEL], and MEL PEL only) were kept in LP. Melatonin pellets (1 mg melatonin/24 mg beeswax/every two weeks) were implanted sc twice during the experiment. Castration induced a rise (P < 0.001) in IGF-1 levels, and this was not prevented by MEL PEL. In Experiment 4, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone pellets implanted in LP-exposed CX males prevented the CX-induced rise in IGF-1; testosterone implants also reduced IGF-1 levels in CX males treated with progesterone. In conclusion, SP treatment depresses IGF-1 in female hamsters and raises it in males. These results substantiate previous studies in other models of gonadal steroid deficient animals. They lend further credence to the hypothesis that there is a sexual dimorphism in circulating IGF-1 concentrations in the Syrian hamster that may be at least partially related to the presence of gonadal steroids.
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PMID:Insulin-like growth factor-1 in Syrian hamsters: interactions of photoperiod, gonadal steroids, pinealectomy, and continuous melatonin treatment. 817 Oct 56

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that bioaccumulate in avian species. Exposure to PCBs can result in decreased growth. Thyroid hormones and growth hormone (GH) are important for normal growth. The present studies employed the chicken embryo to investigate effects of Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, 2,2',6,6'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), 3,3',4,4'-TCB, and 3,3',5,5'-TCB on growth and growth-related hormones. The following indices were measured: embryo mortality, body weights, bone length, pituitary GH content, and plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), GH, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Fertile eggs were injected with PCBs on Day 0 and indices determined on Day 17 of incubation. Unexpectedly, 3,3',5,5'-TCB or low-dose Aroclor 1242 treatment increased body weight and bone length (P < 0.05), whereas Aroclor 1242 (high dose), 3,3,4,4'-TCB, or Aroclor 1254 treatment reduced body weights and/or bone length (P < 0.05). Aroclor 1242 or 3,3',4,4'-TCB (low-dose treatment) elevated plasma T4 concentrations (P < 0.05). Both growth and pituitary GH content were increased (P < 0.05) by 3,3',5,5'-TCB (low dose) or Aroclor 1242 treatment. Despite marked differences in growth rates, plasma T3, GH, and IGF-I concentrations were unaffected by PCB treatment. Growth-related hormones may not be responsible for the growth depression observed after PCB treatment. Possibly the decrease in growth occurred because of general toxicity. The importance of chlorine position in causing thyroid hormone axis alterations was not clearly established.
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PMID:Effects of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures and three specific congeners on growth and circulating growth-related hormones. 916 18

There is some evidence that the somatotrophic system in depression, as assessed by basal growth hormone (GH) concentrations and by GH releasing hormone (GHRH) challenge, might be dysfunctional. However, the rather limited data have been inconclusive so far and plasma concentrations of both insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and binding proteins (IGFBP 1 to IGFBP-6) have not been measured simultaneously in depressed patients. We studied 24 severely depressed patients and 33 healthy controls and estimated 24-hour mean plasma cortisol, six-hour evening mean plasma growth hormone (GH), morning plasma IGF-I, IGFBP 2 and 3 and GH-binding protein (GH-BP). Twenty-four-hour mean cortisol (306 +/- 69 vs. 196 +/- 30 nmol/l, p < .001) and IGF-I (157 +/- 40 vs. 120 +/- 33 micrograms/l, p < .01) plasma concentrations were found to be significantly increased in depressed patients, while there was no difference in GH or binding proteins between both groups. MANOVA analysis revealed age and diagnosis to have main effects upon plasma IGF-I. Especially young age and a diagnosis of major depression are associated with higher plasma IGF-I. After treatment only patients in remission had attenuated IGF-I plasma concentrations. We conclude that plasma IGF-I is increased in acutely depressed patients similar to other states of hypercortisolemia.
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PMID:Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plasma concentrations are increased in depressed patients. 937 83

The development of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) in weight-stable, nonathletic women has long been thought to be psychogenic in origin. This study was designed to gain insight into the possibility that nutritional deficits and compensatory endocrine-metabolic adaptations contribute to the development and maintenance of FHA of the psychogenic type. Nutritional intake, insulin sensitivity, and 24-h dynamics of insulin/glucose, cortisol, leptin, somatotropic, and LH axes were simultaneously assessed in eight women with FHA not associated with exercise or weight loss and in eight age- and body mass index-matched regular cycling controls (NC). The percent fat body mass was lower and lean body mass was higher in FHA than in NC (P < 0.05). The FHA subjects scored higher (P < 0.05) on two Eating Disorder Inventory subscales and had a higher (P < 0.05) Beck depression rating than NC, although all were in the subclinical range. Although daily caloric intake did not differ, FHA consumed 50% less (P < 0.001) fat, twice (P < 0.05) as much fiber, and more carbohydrate (P < 0.05) compared to NC. During the feeding phase of the day, FHA exhibited lower glucose (P < 0.05) and insulin (P < 0.01) levels than NC, and the degree of hypoinsulinemia was directly related to relative dietary fat (r = 0.73). Although 24-h mean GH levels did not differ, the pattern of GH release in FHA was distinctly altered from that in NC. GH pulse amplitude was blunted, pulse frequency was accelerated 40% (P < 0.01), and interpulse GH concentrations were elevated 2-fold (P < 0.01) throughout the day for FHA compared to NC. This distorted pattern of GH pulses was associated with a 40% decrease (P < 0.01) in GH-binding protein levels. Levels of the insulin-dependent insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) were elevated (P < 0.001) during the feeding portion of the day in FHA and were inversely related to insulin (r = -0.50) and directly related to cortisol (r = 0.64) levels for FHA and NC groups together. Although levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 did not differ, the elevation of IGFBP-1 levels in FHA resulted in a reduced (P < 0.01) ratio of IGF-I/IGFBP-1, which may decrease the bioactivity and hypoglycemic effect of IGF-I. Twenty-four-hour mean leptin levels and the diurnal excursion of leptin in FHA did not differ from those in NC. LH pulse frequency was slowed 50% (P < 0.001) in FHA, with unaltered pulse amplitude, resulting in 45% lower (P < 0.01) 24-h mean LH levels for FHA compared to NC. LH pulse frequency for the two groups was related positively to insulin (r = 0.80) levels and the ratio of IGF-I/IGFBP-1 (r = 0.70) and negatively with cortisol (r = -0.61) and IGFBP-1 (r = -0.72) concentrations. In summary, we found evidence of subclinical eating disorders in weight-stable, nonathletic women with FHA accompanied by a severe restriction of dietary fat intake. Unbalanced nutrient intake in psychogenic FHA was associated with multiple endocrine-metabolic alterations. Among these, reduced levels of plasma glucose and serum GHBP, a decrease in the ratio of IGF-I/IGFBP-1, accelerated GH pulse frequency, and elevated interpulse GH levels are indicative of a hypometabolic state. In addition, the magnitude of glucoregulatory responses (increased cortisol secretion and decreased insulin/IGF-I action) were directly related to the degree of suppression of GnRH/LH pulse frequency. These results are remarkably similar to those seen in highly trained athletes with FHA(1). Thus, nutritional deficits may represent a common contributing factor to the development and maintenance of multiple neuroendocrine-metabolic aberrations underlying both psychogenic and exercise-related FHA.
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PMID:Nutritional and endocrine-metabolic aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. 943 12

Growth depression as a side effect of glucocorticoid therapy in childhood is partially mediated by alterations of the somatotropic hormone axis. The mechanisms of interaction between glucocorticoids and somatotropic hormones on the cellular and molecular level are poorly understood. In an experimental model of primary cultured rat growth plate chondrocytes, basal as well as GH (40 ng/ml) or insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I (60 ng/ml)-stimulated growth was suppressed dose dependently (10(-l2)-10(-7)M) by dexamethasone (Dexa). An IGF-I antibody specifically and dose dependently inhibited the GH- but not the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-stimulated cell proliferation. GH increased the IGF-I concentration in conditioned serum-free culture medium; this was reversed by concomitant Dexa. Dexa time dependently suppressed the transcription of GH receptor (GHR) messenger RNA (mRNA) and down-regulated the basal and GH-stimulated expression of GHR. Whereas no suppressive effect on basal type I IGF-receptor (IGFR) was observed, Dexa blocked the IGF-I induced increase of IGF binding. These results were confirmed by GHR and IGFR immunostaining. We conclude that Dexa impairs the GH-induced stimulation of local secretion and paracrine action of IGF-I and reduces the homologous increase of IGFR and GHR expression. The above experiments give further insight on the interaction between GH and glucocorticoids on the cellular and molecular level of growth plate chondrocytes.
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PMID:Dexamethasone impairs growth hormone (GH)-stimulated growth by suppression of local insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I production and expression of GH- and IGF-I-receptor in cultured rat chondrocytes. 964 73

The release of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary is regulated by hypothalamic peptides especially GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin, which in turn are controlled by classic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline, dopamine, and acetylcholine, as well as negative feedback from GH and insulin-like growth factor-1. There has been extensive investigation of this axis in patients with depression. The most consistently reported abnormality is in noradrenergic-mediated GH release, which probably occurs via GHRH containing neurones. ACh-induced GH release through the somatostatin system, GABA, and also GHRH-stimulated release are reported as abnormal by some researchers.
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PMID:Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression. Growth hormone. 967 Feb 29


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