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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A systematic endocrine investigation in dementia, depression and control subjects showed that plasma growth hormone (GH) was higher in the morning and plasma TSH concentrations were higher throughout the day in Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) than in age-matched depressed patients (MDD), and plasma TSH concentrations were also higher throughout the day in female ATD compared with age-matched female control subjects. The increased plasma TSH concentrations could not be due to reduced negative feedback because plasma T3, T4 and rT3 were in the normal range. Plasma concentrations of oestrogen-stimulated neurophysin (ESN) were lower throughout the day in ATD compared with MDD and controls and lower in the morning compared with other dementias. The high plasma GH and TSH concentrations in ATD may reflect the reduced hypothalamic content of somatostatin in ATD, and the reduced concentrations of ESN may reflect reduced cholinergic activity in ATD brain. These selective hormonal changes provide a useful diagnostic test for Alzheimer's disease.
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PMID:Characteristic plasma hormone changes in Alzheimer's disease. 365 5

The early pharmacokinetics of midazolam were compared in pregnant (active labour, awaiting and during elective Caesarean section) and matched gynaecological patients scheduled to undergo elective hysterectomy, half of whom were given an oxytocin infusion. A standard dose of 5 mg was given intravenously. For the first 15 minutes patients in labour had significantly higher plasma midazolam levels compared to all other groups. This was associated with the largest area under the curve (2 hours), the smallest volume of distribution and lowest clearance. Midazolam when given immediately before Caesarean section, can result in depression of the infant.
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PMID:A comparison of the early pharmacokinetics of midazolam in pregnant and nonpregnant women. 368 86

Bupivacaine without adrenaline was used for paracervical block (PCB) anesthesia in 60 low-risk parturients in whom there were no signs of fetal asphyxia. In order to evaluate its effects on fetus and uterine activity, 30 patients were given a "high dose" of 50 mg Bupivacaine, an amide-type local anesthetic agent, while 30 patients were given a "low dose" of 25 mg. Continuous fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring in both study groups revealed nine patients with typically post PCB bradycardia and five patients with moderate PHR depression. All of them were born with excellent Apgar score. Although a decrease in fetal heart rate following PCB was noted in both groups more significant reduction was associated with the high dose block (P less than 0.05). In 11 cases, FHR depression was clearly associated with increased uterine activity, while in another three cases it was not (P less than 0.005). Oxytocin administration during the block did not affect fetal heart rate or uterine activity. The results indicate that FHR depression following PCB using Bupivacaine is dose dependent, transient and not dangerous to a normal fetus. No adverse maternal effects were noted. It is suggested that fetal heart rate depression following PCB using Bupivacaine is related to increased uterine activity.
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PMID:Fetal heart rate and uterine activity following paracervical block. 381 37

Release of human neurophysin I (hNp I) and neurophysin II (hNp II) during insulin-induced hypoglycemia was studied in 10 unipolar depressed women before and after 4-5 weeks of standard antidepressant drug treatment with daily intravenous infusions of clomipramine. Before treatment, a significant increase of hNp I but not of hNp II serum levels in response to hypoglycemia was observed. At retest during clomipramine administration, a marked clinical amelioration occurred in all patients as determined with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; the hNp I response to insulin was abolished, but no effect on hNp II concentration could be demonstrated. No correlation was found between the degree of the depression score decrease and the amplitude of the inhibition of hNp I release or serum levels of clomipramine or its metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. The meaning of this difference in reactivity of the neurohypophyseal system in the course of depressive illness, based on the pharmacological and biochemical profiles of clomipramine action, is discussed.
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PMID:Release of human neurophysin I during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in depressed patients is abolished after recovery with clomipramine treatment. 388 65

The effect of vasopressin and oxytocin on background frequency of single cells from the dorsal horn was studied in the isolated spinal cord of 2-3 weeks old rats. It was shown that neurons were predominantly depressed following application both of vasopressin or oxytocin. Vasopressin evoked depression of background activity in 74% cells (29 of 39 responding to vasopressin) and activation in 26% cells (10 from 39). Oxytocin evoked depression in 67% (14 from 21 responding to oxytocin) and activation in 33% cells (7 from 21). All effects were reversible and dose-dependent. Neurons studied either gave the same response both to vasopressin and to oxytoxin or responded only to one of the two peptides.
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PMID:[Effect of vasopressin and oxytocin on the spontaneous activity of dorsal horn cells of the isolated spinal cord of the rat pup]. 402 79

PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) had been successfully used in initiating labor in term pregnancies (Karim and Sharma, 1971). This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of prostaglandin for induction of labor in 23 patients (gestational length, 38-41 weeks; mean age, 27; age range, 17 to 40; parity 0 to 6). 20 received an oral PGE2 0.5 mg tablet hourly while 3 received an initial dose of 0.5 mg with 0.5 mg incremental increase hourly. 20 patients delivered vaginally liveborn infants without neonatal depression according to Apgar score and subsequent behavior in the nursery. 2 patients delivered by C-section and 1 was excluded from the study because of inadequate duration of treatment. Mean time to delivery was 5 hours, 47 minutes; mean drug dose, 2.53 mg. Mild transient emesis and diarrhea occurred in 2 patients, and emesis only in 1. Bishop induction score did not correlate with total dose of PGE2 used. Parity correlated negatively with dose necessary to achieve delivery (p0.05). The findings confirm the efficacy and safety of oral PGE, which provides an alternate drug and route for induction of labor. Oxytocin induction is briefly compared with prostaglandin induction.
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PMID:Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labor. 482 94

Plasma prolactin, growth hormone, cortisol, luteinising-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and nicotine and oestrogen stimulated neurophysin (NSN and ESN) were measured before and for 6 min after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in eight women with severe electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in eight women with severe depression. Plasma concentrations of NSN and ESN had increased significantly (as much as 10-fold for NSN) within 1 min of the seizure, and concentrations of prolactin had increased within 2-4 min after the seizure. Whereas plasma prolactin and ESN either continued to increase or remained raised throughout the 6 min after seizure, the concentrations of NSN fell to reach a value at 6 min that was approximately 50% of the maximum. There were no increases in any of the other hormones or peptides within the 6 min period under study. Thus ECT has selective effects on hormone release which cannot be attributed simply to a generalised release of pituitary or hypothalamic hormones in response to brain stimulation and/or stress.
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PMID:Immediate increases in plasma prolactin and neurophysin but not other hormones after electroconvulsive therapy. 612 44

Oxytocin-, vasopressin- and neurophysin-containing axons were visualized within the rat caudal medulla using the immunoperoxidase technique. The highest densities of axons and terminals were found in the nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus dorsalis vagus, nucleus commissuralis, nucleus reticularis lateralis and within the marginal layer of the nucleus trigeminalis. In these areas, oxytocin fibres predominated markedly over vasopressin fibres. In a series of electrophysiological experiments, neurones in these and surrounding areas were predominantly depressed following the iontophoretic application of oxytocin. This depression was seen on both spontaneous and glutamate-evoked neuronal firing.
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PMID:Actions of microiontophoretically applied oxytocin, and immunohistochemical localization of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin in the rat caudal medulla. 613 48

The present study examines the relationship of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to discrete brain and pituitary pools of immunoreactive (ir) vasopressin (VP), oxytocin (OT) and particular opioid peptides in the rat. Selective, bilateral destruction of the PVN resulted in a parallel depression in levels of ir-VP, ir-OT, ir-dynorphin (DYN), ir-DYN and ir-alpha-neo-endorphin (alpha-NE) in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary, whereas in its anterior counter-part no decrease in the content of any of these peptides was seen. In contrast, the content of ir-beta-endorphin (beta-EP) in the neurointermediate lobe was not significantly altered. Further, a rise in levels of ir-beta-EP in the anterior lobe, together with a fall in these in systemic plasma, was found. In the hypothalamus, in distinction to ir-met-enkephalin (ME), a diminution in the content of ir-VP, ir-OT, ir-DYN, ir-DYN, ir-alpha-NE and, in addition, ir-beta-EP was observed. In the septum, midbrain and medulla/pons, however, a selective depression in levels of ir-VP (and, as measured in the medulla/pons, of ir-OT) was seen: the content of ir-DYN, ir-DYN, ir-alpha-NE, ir-beta-EP and ir-ME was unchanged in these tissues. These data indicate that: (1) the PVN is an important contributor to neurointermediate lobe, but not anterior lobe, pools of ir-VP, ir-OT, ir-DYN, ir-DYN and ir-alpha-NE in contrast to ir-beta-EP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: relationship to brain and pituitary pools of vasopressin and oxytocin as compared to dynorphin, beta-endorphin and related opioid peptides in the rat. 614 57

The effects of relaxin on contractility and membrane potential of the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the uterus have been studied in vitro using oestrogen-treated, non-pregnant rats and pregnant rats. Relaxin decreased the amplitude of contractions induced by electrical stimulation of longitudinal myometrium by decreasing the duration of the bursts of action potentials. This effect was transient and tachyphylaxis always developed and was observed following injection of steroids and up to day 17 of pregnancy. There was no inhibition of tissues from rats from day 18 of pregnancy to term. The peptide had no effect on resting membrane potential, space constant or time constant. Action potentials recorded from circular myometrium of non-pregnant rats pre-treated with oestrogen consisted of an initial spike or short burst of spikes followed by a prolonged plateau of depolarization. Spontaneous action potentials and associated contractions were abolished within 2 min of exposure to relaxin (10(-8) g/ml) while contractions of much smaller amplitude could be evoked with depolarizing current pulses. This effect was associated with depression of the plateau component of the action potential whereas the spike component was left intact. Relaxin had no effect on passive membrane properties. The action potentials of circular myometrium of rats up to day 21 of pregnancy were qualitatively similar to those recorded in the same muscle layer from oestrogen-treated, non-pregnant rats and the plateau component was also blocked by relaxin in these tissues. Bursts of spikes were observed in circular strips 24-36 h before parturition, and the effect of the peptide on these was a transient inhibition similar to that observed in longitudinal myometrium. Oxytocin increased the amplitude of the spike and the amplitude and duration of the plateau. Relaxin abolished the plateau in the presence of 10(-11) and 10(-10) M-oxytocin but was ineffective when the concentration of the spasmogen was increased further. Prostaglandin F2 alpha increased the amplitude and duration of the plateau. Relaxin abolished the responses to 10(-10) and 10(-9) M-prostaglandin F2 alpha. The results of this study demonstrate that relaxin specifically inhibits contractions in the circular layer of the myometrium by abolishing the plateau component of the action potential. This action appears to be different from that of other smooth muscle relaxants tested in these experiments (isoprenaline, papaverine and verapamil). All of these abolished simultaneously both the spike and plateau components of the action potential.
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PMID:Relaxin inhibits the plateau component of the action potential in the circular myometrium of the rat. 659 29


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