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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This manuscript examines the measurement adequacy of the CES-D when applied in older African-Americans (n=227). The response distribution was skewed towards less symptomatology on all items, and the internal consistency of the CES-D was acceptable (alpha=0.86). An exploratory factor analysis revealed four underlying factors of depressive symptomatology: (1) depressive/somatic; (2) positive; (3) interpersonal; and (4) social well-being. The primary factor was a combination of depression and somatic symptoms, a commonly reported uni-dimensional factor among ethnic groups. Additionally, a fourth factor emerged that has not previously been identified, labeled 'social well-being'. This factor consisted of three items that may tap into the social interactions of the elderly: appetite, hopeful, and talk. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence on the unique measurement properties of the CES-D across diverse populations.
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PMID:Measurement adequacy of the CES-D among a sample of older African-Americans. 1185 52

Whether the fusimotor system contributes to reflex gain changes during reinforcement maneuvers is re-examined in the light of new data. Recently, from direct recordings of spindle afferent activity originating from ankle flexor muscles, we showed that mental computation increased the muscle spindle mechanical sensitivity in completely relaxed human subjects without concomitant alpha-motoneuron activation, providing evidence for selective fusimotor drive activation. In the present study, the effects of mental computation were investigated on monosynaptic reflexes elicited in non-contracting soleus muscle either by direct nerve stimulation (Hoffmann reflex, H) or by tendon tap (Tendinous reflex, T). The aim was to relate the time course of the changes in reflex size to the increase in spindle sensitivity during mental task in order to explore whether fusimotor activation can influence the size of the monosynaptic reflex. The results show changes in reflex amplitude that parallel the increase in muscle spindle sensitivity. When T-reflex is consistently facilitated during mental effort, the H-reflex is either depressed or facilitated, depending on the subjects. These findings suggest that the increased activity in muscle spindle primary endings may account for mental computation-induced changes in both tendon jerk and H-reflex. The facilitation of T-reflex is attributed to the enhanced spindle mechanical sensitivity and the inhibition of H-reflex is attributed to post-activation depression following the increased Ia ongoing discharge. This study supports the view that the fusimotor sensitization of muscle spindles is responsible for changes in both the mechanically and electrically elicited reflexes. It is concluded that the fusimotor drive contributed to adjustment of the size of tendon jerk and H-reflex during mental effort. The possibility that a mental computation task may also operate by reducing the level of presynaptic inhibition is discussed on the basis of H-reflex facilitation.
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PMID:The influence of increased muscle spindle sensitivity on Achilles tendon jerk and H-reflex in relaxed human subjects. 1259 Aug 30

Symptoms of bipolar disorders include depression and mania. The term "bipolar" implies states that are opposite to each other. Construing scales that define mania and depression as opposite ends of one dimension cannot account for the existence of mixed symptoms. One self-report instrument, the Internal State Scale (ISS), combines both dimensions in one measure. However, the ISS only assesses internal subjective states and does not tap other typical and more objective symptoms of (hypo-) mania. To explore the factorial structure of affective symptoms in a general population sample, we extended the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), adding items to assess manic symptoms as described in DSM-IV. The scale was completed by 2,059 young adults. The results for the original CES-D are comparable to prior studies. Factor-analysis for the extended CES-D revealed two factors in women and men: most manic symptoms loaded high on a factor "euphoria-activation," whereas the other factor included all typical dysphoric-depressive symptoms, but also included the "manic symptoms" of distractibility and irritability. Our results support a two-factor model of bipolar symptoms in the general population with irritability being more closely associated with dysphoria than euphoria. The implications and limitations of the present results are discussed.
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PMID:The structure of affective symptoms in a sample of young adults. 1265 19

Results have been inconsistent regarding the ability of personality measures to predict future depression severity levels, leading some researchers to question the validity of personality assessment, especially when patients are acutely depressed. Using a combination of regression and factor analytic techniques, we separated the variance of personality measures into stable trait and variable state-affect components. Findings supported the hypotheses that depression severity measured at different time points would correlate with both stable trait and concurrent state-affect components in personality measures, whereas change in depression severity would correlate with state changes but not with stable trait scores. Thus, personality assessments tap both state affect and trait variance, with the state-affect variance masking the trait variance when patients are depressed.
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PMID:Separate personality traits from states to predict depression. 1275 28

One of the central tenets of classical test theory is that scales should have a high degree of internal consistency, as evidenced by Cronbach's a, the mean interitem correlation, and a strong first component. However, there are many instances in which this rule does not apply. Following Bollen and Lennox (1991), I differentiate between questionnaires such as anxiety or depression inventories, which are composed of items that are manifestations of an underlying hypothetical construct (i.e., where the items are called effect indicators) and those such as Scale 6 of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) and ones used to tap quality of life or activities of daily living in which the items or subscales themselves define the construct (these items are called causal indicators). Questionnaires of the first sort, which are referred to as scales in this article, meet the criteria of classical test theory, whereas the second type, which are called indexes here, do not. I discuss the implications of this difference for how items are selected, the relationship among the items, and the statistics that should and should not be used in establishing the reliability of the scale or index.
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PMID:Being inconsistent about consistency: when coefficient alpha does and doesn't matter. 1276 96

Phenol ranked 38th in production among U.S. chemicals in 1978 with annual production of 2.38 billion pounds. Approximately 90% of the phenol produced is used in the manufacture of phenolic (phenol formaldehyde) resins, caprolactam, bisphenol A, alkyl phenol, and adipic acid. The remainder of the phenol is used to produce an assortment of end products, including salicylic acid, phenacetin, dyes, metal cleaners, disinfectants, antiseptics, photographic chemicals, wood preservatives (pentachlorophenol), paints, paint and varnish removers, and agricultural chemicals (2,4-D and parathion). A bioassay of phenol to test for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by providing this substance in drinking water to F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 50 rats and 50 mice of each sex were given drinking water containing 2,500 or 5,000 ppm phenol for 103 weeks. As matched controls, groups of 50 rats and 50 mice of each sex received tap water. A dose-related depression in mean body weight gain occurred in rats and mice of each sex. Rats and mice given water containing phenol drank less than did the corresponding controls. A dose-related decrease in water consumption was observed for mice. An increased incidence of leukemia or lymphomas was detected in male rats and may have been associated with the administration of phenol. Although the incidence of these tumors in the low-dose group was significantly higher than that in controls, the incidence in the high-dose group was not. Thus an association with administration of phenol was not established. Under the conditions of this bioassay, phenol was not carcinogenic for either male or female F344 rats or male and female B6C3F1 mice. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Negative Female Rats: Negative Male Mice: Negative Female Mice: Negative
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PMID:Bioassay of Phenol for Possible Carcinogenicity (CAS No.108-95-2). 1277 76

Acetazolamide (ACZ), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, results in altered neuromuscular function secondary to depressed afferent transmission in intact humans. One effect of ACZ is hypercapnia. Thus, to test if the neuromuscular depression observed following ACZ treatment is related to elevated CO(2), human subjects ( n=10) were exposed to 15 min of room air (0% CO(2)) or hypercapnia (7% inspired CO(2)), and neuromuscular function was evaluated. Isometric force (36.8 to 31.1 N) and peak-to-peak electromyographic amplitude (EMG, 1.5 to 1.0 mV) associated with an Achilles tendon tap, and soleus H(max):M(max) ratio (69.0 to 62.2%) were depressed, while EMG latency (34.8 to 39.8 ms) was increased by hypercapnia. Reflex recovery profiles (following a conditioning tap to the contralateral Achilles tendon), motor nerve conduction velocity, amplitude of the maximum M-wave, and peak twitch tension at M(max) were unaltered by hypercapnia. We conclude that elevated CO(2) impairs neuromuscular function through effects on afferent transmission or synaptic integrity between type Ia fibers of the muscle spindle and the alpha motor neuron, without affecting the muscle spindle, efferent conduction or skeletal muscle force-generating capacity.
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PMID:Hypercapnic impairment of neuromuscular function is related to afferent depression. 1295 22

The antidepressant effect of Sho-ju-sen, a Japanese herbal medicine composed of extracts of three herbs; kumazasa leaf (Sasa Kurinensis Makino et Sibata), Japanese red pine leaf (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc) and ginseng radix (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), was assessed using a learned helplessness model in mice. The learned helplessness was produced by presenting 120 unavoidable/inescapable shocks for 3 days to the mouse in a shuttle box, and the avoidance training was carried out on day 4. Compared with the control group given tap water, free consumption of Sho-ju-sen (1%, 3% and 10%) for 21 days resulted in a significant amelioration of the response rate at 1% and 3%, and both the response rate and % avoidance at 10%. Although Sho-ju-sen (10%) caused no significant effect following the 7-day intake, it ameliorated the response rate following the 14-day intake. The extract of Japanese red pine leaf, but not kumazasa leaf or ginseng radix, mildly improved the response rate. Learned helplessness was significantly and dose-dependently reduced by imipramine (10 and 30 mg/kg i.p.), while only mildly by diazepam (1 mg/kg p.o.). These results suggest that a long-term consumption of Sho-ju-sen is effective for the amelioration of depression, and the effectiveness is derived mainly from the extract of Japanese red pine leaf.
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PMID:An antidepressant effect of Sho-ju-sen, a Japanese herbal medicine, assessed by learned helplessness model in mice. 1502 73

Hand differences in the rate and variability of rapid tapping were evaluated for the intertap interval and its constituents-the key depression and key release phases of each tap. To accentuate potential hand differences, only subjects with a clear manual superiority in one hand were included. Relative manual proficiency on Fitts' reciprocal tapping task was used to exclude individuals with less-defined hand superiority or dominance, and to categorize subjects as having a dominant left (n=13) or right (n=11) hand. Analysis of variance indicated the dominant hand to have a shorter average intertap interval and thus a faster tapping rate. This hand difference in rate was found to be significant for the key-depression phase, but not the key-release.phase, of the tap. In each handedness group the dominant hand exhibited less variability in the intertap interval and both constituents. Potential associations of these findings with hemispheric asymmetries in sequential ability are discussed.
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PMID:Hand differences in the rate and variability of rapid tapping. 1521 68

Twelve dairy heifers were used to examine the clinical response of an alimentary oligofructose overload. Six animals were divided into 3 subgroups, and each was given a bolus dose of 13, 17, or 21 g/kg of oligofructose orally. The control group (n = 6) was sham-treated with tap water. Signs of lameness, cardiovascular function, and gastrointestinal function were monitored every 6 h during development of rumen acidosis. The heifers were euthanized 48 and 72 h after administration of oligofructose. All animals given oligofructose developed depression, anorexia, and diarrhea 9 to 39 h after receiving oligofructose. By 33 to 45 h after treatment, the feces returned to normal consistency and the heifers began eating again. Animals given oligofructose developed transient fever, severe metabolic acidosis, and moderate dehydration, which were alleviated by supportive therapy. Four of 6 animals given oligofructose displayed clinical signs of laminitis starting 39 to 45 h after receiving oligofructose and lasting until euthanasia. The lameness was obvious, but could easily be overlooked by the untrained eye, because the heifers continued to stand and walk, and did not interrupt their eating behavior. No positive pain reactions or lameness were seen in control animals. Based on these results, we conclude that an alimentary oligofructose overload is able to induce signs of acute laminitis in cattle. This model offers a new method, which can be used in further investigation of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bovine laminitis.
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PMID:Acute bovine laminitis: a new induction model using alimentary oligofructose overload. 1537 54


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