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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Research on healthy and diseased subjects and laboratory animals have shown that Levissima oligomineral water: a) has no unpleasant or harmful subjective and/or objective side-effects even when taken at high doses for long periods. b) Encourages diuresis. Comparison with saline solution of the same osmolality showed: 1) mean increase in diuresis: 16%; 2) more rapid elimination of water; 3) significant increase in free water clearance; 4) no change in the stock of electrolytes during protracted administration. c) Influences purine exchange: 1) by increasing uric acid clearance (same comparison); 2) by reducing the hyperuricaemising effect of a rapid i.v. fructose load; 3) by opposing hyperuricaemia due to depression of mechanisms responsible for the increase of uric acid owing to enhancement of serum lactic acid after the administration of alcohol. d) Results in a characteristic change in certain coagulation parameters when compared with saline solution and tap water. It is suggested that this method be used to recognise the persistence over time of the biological activities of bottled mineral waters.
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PMID:[The effects of Levissima oligomineral water on diuresis and water exchange]. 686 9

Examined the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), AND THE Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) for specificity and validity as measures of anxiety and depression. It was hypothesized that if the BDI and SDS were specific to symptoms of depression, they would show high correlations with each other, low correlations with the TMAS, and intermediate correlations with the Neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI-N). The four instruments were administered to 170 undergraduate students, and correlations and qualitative content analyses showed that the BDI, SDS and TMAS were intercorrelated significantly with the EPI-N scale and that item content overlapped heavily among the tests. The results suggest all four tests tap an emotionality factor of stability-instability.
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PMID:A comparison of four scales for anxiety, depresison, and neuroticism. 737 12

1. Interneurones mediating reciprocal inhibition between wrist flexors and extensors in man are characterized using both Renshaw cells and transarticular group I afferent activation. 2. Renshaw cells were activated by reflex discharges evoked by a tendon tap. The tendon tap was applied to the tendon of the muscles from which the Ia fibres responsible for the reciprocal inhibition originated. Contrary to what was observed both in the cat hindlimb and in human elbow muscles, this Renshaw cell activation never resulted in a long depression of the reciprocal inhibition between wrist flexors and extensors. 3. Convergence from group I elbow muscle afferents and antagonistic group I afferents onto interneurones mediating reciprocal inhibition between wrist muscles was revealed in post-stimulus time histogram (PSTH) experiments using the technique of spatial facilitation. 4. The characteristics of the interneurones mediating reciprocal inhibition between wrist flexors and extensors could therefore be summarized as follows: (a) they are fed by antagonistic group I afferents and group I afferents originating from both flexor and extensor elbow muscles; (b) they are not inhibited by Renshaw cells; (c) they are not excited by low threshold cutaneous afferents; and (d) they are probably interposed in a disynaptic pathway. 5. It is therefore concluded that interneurones mediating reciprocal inhibition between wrist flexors and extensors in man differ both from Ia interneurones and from interneurones interposed in the Ib reflex pathways and these characteristics are related to the complex circumduction movements developed in the wrist.
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PMID:Reciprocal inhibition between wrist flexors and extensors in man: a new set of interneurones? 747 51

We have studied prospectively 39 patients receiving a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depressive disorder; they were allocated randomly to receive either propofol or methohexitone for anaesthesia. Recovery after the third ECT treatment was assessed by finger tap and digit symbol substitution tests at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min after induction. Seizure duration (median (interquartile range)) was shorter with propofol (24 (10) s) than methohexitone (29 (17) s) (P = 0.08). There was no significant difference in psychometric recovery for drug type, duration of the seizure or initial severity of depression. These results suggest that the more rapid recovery rates noted with propofol in other procedures are not evident after electrically induced seizures.
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PMID:Recovery after electroconvulsive therapy: comparison of propofol with methohexitone anaesthesia. 754 47

The transmission across synapses of Ia afferents on spinal motor neurons was investigated in 30 healthy subjects and 25 spastic multiple sclerosis patients. Slow passive stretch (17 degrees/s of the soleus muscle evoked a pronounced depression of the soleus Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) lasting for more than 10 s in the healthy subjects. This depression was less pronounced and had a shorter duration in the spastic patients. A tap applied to the biceps femoris tendon also produced an inhibition of the soleus H-reflex, which was larger in the healthy subjects than in the spastic patients. This inhibition only lasted for 300-400 ms. Finally, stimulation of the femoral nerve (FN) produced a facilitation of the soleus H-reflex, which was larger in the spastic patients than in the healthy subjects. The inhibition of the H-reflex evoked by the biceps femoris tendon tap is known to be caused by presynaptic inhibition of the Ia afferents, which mediate the reflex. The facilitation of the soleus H-reflex produced by FN stimulation has also been shown to be influenced by changes in presynaptic inhibition. The increased facilitation from the FN and the decreased inhibition from the biceps femoris tendon tap onto the soleus H-reflex in spastic patients are thus both compatible with a deficient presynaptic inhibition in these subjects. The long lasting depression of the reflex evoked by a previous slow stretch of the soleus muscle is most likely caused by a decrease of the probability of transmitter release from the Ia afferents. The decrease of this depression in spastic patients suggests that mechanisms other than presynaptic inhibition may contribute to changes in the efficiency of transmission across the synapses of Ia afferents in spastic patients and thus contribute to the exaggeration of stretch reflexes seen in these patients.
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PMID:Changes in transmission across synapses of Ia afferents in spastic patients. 765 94

The objectives of this study were to examine the association of personality disorder with outcome of depression in older patients (age > or = 60) treated in a psychiatric day hospital for depression and to compare the clinical diagnosis of personality disorder at admission with the results of a semi-structured interview at follow-up. Sixty-four patients were followed up for a mean interval of 30 (13-49) months after admission to the psychiatric day hospital and the semi-structured interview, Social Support Scale, Life Events Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Mini-Mental State Examination administered by a psychiatrist blind to the details of the index admission. Forty-nine informants (a close friend or relative) were also interviewed using the semi-structured interview. Axis II diagnoses at the time of admission were determined from patient records. Personality disorder diagnoses were analysed according to DSM-III-R clusters. Twenty-one (33%) patients fulfilled criteria for personality disorder at admission and 23 (36%) at follow-up. There was strong agreement (k = 0.78) between patient and informant semi-structured interview results and moderate agreement (k = 0.41) between diagnosis at admission and at follow-up. Presence of a personality disorder, and in particular a cluster B personality disorder diagnosis was associated with chronic outcome of depression and with impaired social support. Personality is a significant factor in the outcome of depression in the elderly. It remains unclear whether current methods of assessment tap enduring characteristics, or manifestations of affective state.
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PMID:Personality disorder in the elderly depressed. 798 81

1. A tendon tap of the biceps femoris tendon was found to evoke a depression of the soleus and tibialis anterior H reflexes with a duration of 300-400 ms and with an onset at a conditioning-test interval of 20-30 ms. It is suggested that the depression is caused by presynaptic inhibition of the terminals of the Ia afferents mediating the reflexes. 2. This possibility was tested by a method in which the H reflex is facilitated by a monosynaptic Ia volley from the quadriceps muscle. The attenuation of this facilitation when another pathway is stimulated is probably caused by presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents. It was shown that the biceps femoris tendon tap depressed the size of the femoral nerve-induced facilitation of the soleus and tibialis anterior H reflexes. This suggests that the depression of the reflexes by the tendon tap was indeed caused by presynaptic inhibition. 3. To investigate whether the terminals of descending fibres were similarly susceptible to presynaptic inhibition, the stimulation of the femoral nerve was replaced by magnetic stimulation of the contralateral motor cortex. This stimulation has been shown to evoke a facilitation of the tibialis anterior and soleus H reflexes which (within its initial 0.5-1 ms) is probably caused exclusively by direct monosynaptic projections from the cortex to the motoneurones. In contrast to the facilitation evoked by Ia afferents, the descending facilitation was not influenced by the biceps tendon tap. 4. Similarly, the monosynaptic peak in the post-stimulus time histogram (PSTH) of single voluntarily activated tibialis anterior motor units evoked by stimulation of the common peroneal nerve was depressed by the tendon tap, whereas this was not the case for the presumed monosynaptic peak evoked by brain stimulation. 5. It is suggested that the tendon tap evoked presynaptic inhibition of the terminals of flexor as well as extensor Ia afferents terminating on both soleus and tibialis anterior motoneurones. In contrast, the tap failed to elicit any presynaptic inhibition of the terminals of descending fibres on the motoneurones. We suggest that descending pathways in general are free from the presynaptic control which attenuates peripheral input to motoneurones. Through modulation of presynaptic inhibition the brain may thus selectively hinder the access of peripheral feedback mechanisms to the motoneurones, while still maintaining control of the output from the spinal cord through direct and indirect projections to the motoneurones.
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PMID:Is presynaptic inhibition distributed to corticospinal fibres in man? 807 88

It is argued that there is a need for a measure which can quantify a continuum of affect and which is able to assess current frequency of mood for use in survey research with the general population. In a preliminary attempt to develop such a scale, a 40-item questionnaire containing items thought to tap feelings of depression and happiness was completed by 200 young people whose mean score on the Beck Depression Inventory was within that expected of a normal population. On the basis of factor analytic data, the 25 highest loading items were selected for inclusion into a bipolar Depression-Happiness Scale which was shown to have good internal reliability and concurrent validity with the Beck Depression Inventory.
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PMID:The Depression-Happiness Scale. 805 66

Plant roots provide anchorage and absorb the water and minerals necessary for photosynthesis in the aerial parts of the plant. Since plants are sessile organisms, their root systems must forage for resources in heterogeneous soils through differential branching and elongation [(1988) Funct. Ecol. 2, 345-351; (1991) Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, pp. 3-25, Marcel Dekker, NY]. Adaptation to drought, for instance, can be facilitated by increased root growth and penetration. Root systems thus develop as a function of environmental variables and the needs of the plant [(1988) Funct. Ecol. 2, 345-351; (1986) Bot. Gaz. 147, 137-147; (1991) Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, pp. 309-330, Marcel Dekker, NY]. We show, in a model system consisting of excised tobacco roots, that both alpha-DL-difluoromethylornithine (an inhibitor of putrescine biosynthesis) and the rolA gene (from the root-inducing transferred DNA of Agrobacterium rhizogenes) stimulate overall root growth and cause a conversion in the pattern of root system formation, producing a dominant or 'tap' root. These morphological changes are correlated with a depression in the accumulation of polyamines and their conjugates.
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PMID:Changing root system architecture through inhibition of putrescine and feruloyl putrescine accumulation. 814 67

Psychologists believe that anxiety and depression self-report scales tap distinct constructs. This assumption was tested by using confirmatory factor analysis on mood data from nonclinical samples (K. S. Dobson, 1985a; I. H. Gotlib, 1984; J. Tanaka-Matsumi & V.A. Kameoka, 1986) and a clinical sample (J. Mendels, N. Weinstein, & C. Cochrane, 1972). These analyses provide evidence that anxiety and depression self-report scales do not measure discriminant mood constructs and may therefore be better thought of as measures of general negative mood rather than as measures of anxiety and depression per se.
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PMID:Distinguishing depression and anxiety in self-report: evidence from confirmatory factor analysis on nonclinical and clinical samples. 837 Aug 58


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