Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of the D1 dopamine (DA) receptor agonist SKF 38393 was compared with that produced by the D1-receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, in rats implanted with electrodes for chronic sleep recordings. SKF 38393 (0.1 to 4.0 mg/kg) significantly suppressed rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) after the highest dose. SCH 23390 (0.1 to 2.0 mg/kg) increased slow-wave sleep (SWS), whereas wakefulness (W) and REMS were decreased. Pretreatment with SKF 38393 (0.5 mg/kg) prevented the effects of SCH 23390 (0.25 mg/kg) on W and SWS. However, REM sleep showed a further depression. Pretreatment with SKF 38393 (2.0 mg/kg) or SCH 23390 (0.25 mg/kg) failed to modify the increase of SWS and decrease of W induced by D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine (0.5 mg/kg) in a dose that selectively stimulates DA autoreceptors. On the other hand, SCH 23390 (0.25 mg/kg) failed to prevent REMS depression induced by bromocriptine (6.0 mg/kg) in a dose that preferentially acts at postsynaptic sites. Pretreatment with SCH 23390 (0.25 mg/kg) prevented the increase of W and decrease of SWS induced by the 5-HT2 receptor agonist DOI (0.25 mg/kg). Given the "fragility" of REMS in the rat, nonspecific factors could be contributing to its depression after SKF 38389 or SCH 23390 administration. Inhibition of D1 receptors could be responsible for SCH 23390-induced increase of SWS and decrease of W. However, a blockade of 5-HT2 receptors could be partly involved in these effects. Neither SKF 38393 nor SCH 23390 exerted activity on the sleep-wake cycle, which could be considered to reflect effects at DA autoreceptors.
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PMID:Sleep during acute dopamine D1 agonist SKF 38393 or D1 antagonist SCH 23390 administration in rats. 214 85

The effect of moclobemide, a short-acting, reversible, preferential type-A MAO inhibitor (300 mg daily in three divided doses), on the sleep of eight depressed patients was assessed by polysomnographic recordings in a 4-week therapeutic trial. Six patients showed an improvement greater than 50% on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Compared to placebo, patients receiving moclobemide showed improved sleep continuity as judged by the decrease in wake time after sleep onset and total wake time, particularly during the intermediate and late stages of drug administration. Total sleep time increase was comprised of larger amounts of stage 2 NREM sleep. REM sleep latency was significantly increased and REM sleep % decreased during the drug administration period. However, in contrast to the older, non-selective and selective MAOIs, moclobemide had a mild REM sleep suppressant effect.
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PMID:The effects of moclobemide on nocturnal sleep of depressed patients. 214 41

The arecoline REM induction test, a measurement of central cholinergic sensitivity, was performed in 10 patients with atypical depression. Arecoline induced REM sleep significantly more rapidly than placebo. Atypical depressives without evidence of anxiety, in particular those without panic attacks, had a more rapid REM induction response to arecoline than atypicals with anxiety symptoms. We compared our atypical depressives with normal controls and affectively ill patients studied in other laboratories. The rapid REM induction response observed in atypical depressives without anxiety was comparable to that seen in endogenous depressives and euthymic bipolars. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of cholinergic supersensitivity in the latter two groups of patients. Our results suggest that atypical depressives may be distinguished in their response to arecoline based on their anxiety history, and that cholinergic supersensitivity is present in atypical depressives without anxiety. Additional studies with larger samples and simultaneously studied control groups are necessary to test these preliminary findings.
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PMID:Cholinergic REM sleep induction in atypical depression. 217 93

Sleep structure is qualitatively and quantitatively changed by aging. The elderly usually go to bed in early evening and wake up in early morning, and they also take several naps in the day time. The polyphasic sleep is one of the typical sleep patterns found in the elderly. Comparing the sleep of the elderly with that of young adults by the method of polysomnography, the characteristics of the sleep of the elderly are in the prolongation of sleep latency, shortening of total sleep time, increase of Stage W and Stage 1, decrease of Stage 3 and 4, and also decrease of Stage REM and the advance of REM phase. Insomnia is a frequently observed symptom in the elderly. The so-called psychophysiological insomnia due to transient psychological or situational stress is common in the elderly. However, insomnia following the mental disturbance (depression), chronic use of drug or alcohol, dementia (vascular or Alzheimer type) are also important in the elderly. Sleep apnea syndrome is recently found as an important cause of insomnia. Concerning the treatment and prevention of insomnia, it is necessary to exclude the causes of insomnia, to improve the environmental conditions and to keep the regular rhythm of sleep-wake cycle. It is also important to carefully select and use the adequate hypnotics considering the pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of the drugs in the elderly.
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PMID:[Sleep disturbance in the elderly]. 219 Nov 61

In an ongoing study of risk factors for depression in first-degree relatives of unipolar depressed probands, we have assessed cognitive variables (beliefs, attributional style, and moment-to-moment thinking) in relatives of reduced REM (rapid eye movement) latency unipolar probands, nonreduced REM latency unipolar probands, and normal control probands. Relatives of reduced REM latency probands had more negative cognitions; the effect of REM latency of the proband was independent of the effect of a personal history of depression in the relative. It appears that both biological and psychological factors can be identified as predictors for lifetime rates of depression and may be useful in identifying high-risk individuals.
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PMID:Risk factors in unipolar depression: II. Relation between proband REM latency and cognitions of relatives. 221 57

Gender-related differences in electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep were examined in 151 pairs of men and women with major depression, all outpatients, matched for age and severity of depression. Across five decades (age 21-69), depressed men had less slow-wave sleep than did depressed women. Gender differences were small with respect to visually scored measures of slow-wave sleep time and percent, but moderate for gender differences in automated measures of slow-wave density. The time constant of the polygraph preamplifier significantly affected both visually scored and automatically scored slow-wave sleep. Other measures such as REM sleep latency, first REM period duration, sleep efficiency, and early morning awakening, showed robust age effects, but no main effects for gender or gender-by-age interactions. Gender effects on slow-wave sleep and delta-wave counts in depression parallel gender effects seen in healthy aging. The possibility of occult alcohol use by depressed male outpatients cannot be definitely excluded as a partial explanation of the current findings. However, covarying for past alcohol abuse did not negate the statistical significance of the observed gender effects on slow-wave sleep and delta-wave density. The possibility of gender differences in slow-wave regulatory mechanisms is suggested, but similarity in temporal distribution of delta-wave density between the first and second non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) periods does not support gender differences in slow-wave sleep regulation.
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PMID:Sleep, gender, and depression: an analysis of gender effects on the electroencephalographic sleep of 302 depressed outpatients. 224 88

Twenty-two depressed subjects who met criteria for major depressive disorder were grouped according to their initial REM latency. Subjects with short (less than or equal to 60 min) initial REM latency were separated from those with normal (greater than 60 min) initial REM latency. Subjects with short initial REM latency were found to have earlier onsets to at least two subsequent REM periods. The number of minutes of REM sleep accumulated were also plotted against elapsed time after sleep onset. The short-latency group accumulated REM sleep earlier than, but at about the same rate as, the normal latency group. These data support the phase-advance hypothesis of REM sleep in depression.
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PMID:Early onset and accumulation of REM sleep in depression: a study of the phase-advance hypothesis. 224 10

In rats with the persistent alcohol motivation the electrophysiological sleep pattern was studied during ethanol intake, after 24 and 48 hours of alcohol withdrawal. It was established that during the voluntary ethanol intake rats may be divided into two groups: with comparative deficit (1st group) and comparative abundance (2nd group) of REM sleep. Alcohol withdrawal caused differential alterations of sleep-wakefulness cycle: in the 1st group of rats REM sleep was more suppressed while in the 2nd group--more increased in comparison to those during ethanol intake. In all animals the SWS depression, increase of awakenings, the aggravation of falling asleep and decrease of sleep depth were observed. DSIP (0.1 mg/kg, i.p. 1 hour before sleep recording) was found to regulate sleep disorders caused by ethanol withdrawal. It makes the neuropeptide possible to be recommended for ethanol withdrawal syndrome treatment in clinical practice.
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PMID:[Effects of delta sleep-inducing peptide on electrophysiological parameters of sleep during alcohol withdrawal in rats]. 226 15

Primary alcoholic patients with secondary depression had significantly shorter REM latency and less non-REM sleep than alcoholics without other psychiatric diagnoses and normal control subjects. Both patient groups had significantly longer sleep latency and less sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and delta sleep than control subjects.
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PMID:Short REM latency in primary alcoholic patients with secondary depression. 229 70

Electroencephalogram (EEG) sleep recordings were compared in 34 normal controls and 31 inpatients with relatively pure primary alcoholism who had been abstinent for about 17 days. Compared with normal controls, primary alcoholics took longer to fall asleep, slept less, and had poor sleep efficiency. Sleep loss reflected reduced non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, especially stage 2 sleep, stage 4 sleep, and total delta (stage 3 and 4) sleep. Alcoholic patients had higher REM density of the first REM period. Sleep deteriorated with age in both normal controls and patients, with younger alcoholics showing sleep patterns typical of older controls. Among other clinical-demographic variables examined, the shorter the duration of sobriety at the time of the study, the later patients went to bed and fell asleep. The number of drinks per drinking day in the 3 months before admission was directly related to the duration of the first REM period. In addition, the maximum number of withdrawal symptoms the patient had ever experienced was inversely related to the amount of delta sleep. Sleep measures were not correlated with depression rating, liver enzymes, or other measures of alcohol consumption.
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PMID:EEG sleep studies in "pure" primary alcoholism during subacute withdrawal: relationships to normal controls, age, and other clinical variables. 231 Aug 3


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