Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study investigated sleep EEG during placebo and after cholinergic stimulation with RS 86 in 36 healthy subjects, 34 patients with major depression and 20 patients with anxiety disorders. Cholinergic stimulation with RS 86 led to a decrease of slow wave sleep and REM latency. RS 86 had a more profound impact on REM latency in patients with major depression than in healthy controls and patients with anxiety disorders. Six out of 36 healthy controls, three out of 20 patients with anxiety disorders and 24 of 34 patients with depression displayed sleep onset REM periods after cholinergic stimulation. Also effects on REM density and duration of the first REM period were more pronounced in major depression. Even in those patients with anxiety disorders and a secondary major depression no depression-like sleep abnormalities could be provoked. The results underline the usefulness of the cholinergic REM induction test to differentiate patients with major depression from those with other psychiatric disorders. The results can be interpreted as further evidence for the cholinergic-aminergic imbalance model of depression and for the reciprocal interaction model of nonREM-REM regulation.
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PMID:The sleep structure of patients with anxiety disorders in comparison to that of healthy controls and depressive patients under baseline conditions and after cholinergic stimulation. 146 Jan 68

Sleep apnoea (OSA), a common sleep disorder, is well recognised as a cause of morbidity including psychiatric disorders. There is increasing recognition of the link between OSA and depression. Sleep changes are intrinsic to depressive disorders, most notably disturbances of REM sleep; OSA causes predominantly REM sleep disturbances. The neuro-vegetative features of depression are similar or identical to the symptoms of OSA-an issue which has not achieved wide clinical recognition. A growing number of studies confirm the statistical link between the two conditions. The implications are twofold: OSA needs to be excluded in cases of chronic or resistant depression and treatment of OSA will make it easier to treat the primary depressive disorder. A new method of treatment for OSA, the Sullivan continuous positive airway pump (CPAP), raises the theoretical possibility of treating depression by this means as well.
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PMID:Obstructive sleep apnoea and depression--diagnostic and treatment implications. 848 Nov 62

Recurrent brief depression (RBD) has recently been proposed as a new subtype of affective disorder characterized by episodes of major depression which last less than two weeks. The aim of this study was to further evaluate the validity of this putative subtype by means of clinical and biological data. DST, TSH response to TRH and sleep EEG variables were compared in 25 RBD patients sex- and age-matched to 25 major depressed (MD) and 25 healthy subjects. Family history, age at onset, and psychiatric comorbidity did not discriminate RBD from MD. Recurrent unipolar depression was found to be more prevalent in MD. Although less severely depressed during the biological tests, patients with RBD did not significantly differ from those with MDD on basis of DST non-suppression, blunted TSH response and shortening of REM latency. Compared to controls, a greater sleep onset latency was observed both in RBD and MD and a lower total sleep time in MD patients only. These results suggest that RBD could be viewed as a subtype of affective disorder sharing many characteristics with MDD.
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PMID:Biological and clinical features of recurrent brief depression: a comparison with major depressed and healthy subjects. 147 36

Sleep and respiration data from two French medical high altitude expeditions (Annapurna 4,800 m and Mt Sajama 6,542 m) are presented. Difficulties in maintaining sleep and a SWS decrease were found with periodic breathing (PB) during both non-REM and REM sleep. Extent of PB varied considerably among subjects and was not correlated to the number of arousals but to the intercurrent wakefulness duration. There was a positive correlation between the time spent in PB and the individual hypoxic ventilatory drive. The relation between PB, nocturnal desaturation, and mountain sickness intensity are discussed. Acclimatization decreased the latency toward PB and improved sleep. Hypnotic benzodiazepine intake (loprazolam 1 mg) did not worsen either SWS depression or apneas and allowed normal sleep reappearance after acclimatization.
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PMID:Sleep apneas and high altitude newcomers. 148 84

We report on nine patients between the ages of 21 and 39 years who were admitted to an inpatient substance abuse treatment unit for cocaine treatment. The patients' sleep was studied in the laboratory for 4 nights during the first week, and 2 nights during the second and third weeks of their hospitalization. Daily mood ratings, cocaine craving scores and sleep logs were also recorded on each patient. During the first week of withdrawal, these patients had a markedly shortened REM latency, an increased REM sleep percentage, a very high REM density and a long total sleep period time. During the third week, REM latencies were very short and total percentage of REM sleep was increased. By week three of withdrawal the sleep continuity pattern was similar to that found in chronic insomnia, with a long sleep latency, an abnormally increased total time awake after sleep onset and a poor sleep efficiency. The subjects' ratings of cocaine craving, total POMS scores and depression fell precipitously after the first week of withdrawal and were at sub-clinical levels by week three of withdrawal.
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PMID:Electroencephalographic sleep and mood during cocaine withdrawal. 148 92

We examined psychosocial factors (i.e., life stress) and biological factors (i.e., REM sleep latency) that are hypothesized to be of complementary importance for defining depressive subtypes in a sample of 61 nonpsychotic, endogenous major depressives. Subjects were evaluated on several diagnostic scales for life stress, on electroencephalographic sleep data, and on 2 symptom measures for depression. As predicted, persons with severe stress that occurred shortly before depression onset had essentially normal REM latency values; patients without such stress had reduced REM latency values. Both stress and REM latency were also associated with greater severity of self-reported depressive symptoms. Alternative explanations of these findings are discussed, with particular emphasis on different roles of pre-onset and post-onset stressors.
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PMID:Social factors and the psychobiology of depression: relations between life stress and rapid eye movement sleep latency. 150 Jun 10

1. Healthy volunteers and patients with a major depressive disorders were administered 1.5 mg RS 86 (a cholinergic agonist) and placebo in a randomized double-blind cross-over design at 10 p.m. prior to bedtime. 2. Polysomnographic recordings demonstrated a significantly more pronounced shortening of REM latency after cholinergic stimulation in depressed patients compared to healthy subjects. 3. Even those depressed patients displaying placebo REM latencies in the normal range showed sleep onset REM periods after cholinergic stimulation. 4. The results support the reciprocal interaction model of NonREM-REM sleep regulation and the cholinergic-aminergic imbalance model of depression.
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PMID:Sleep, age, depression and the cholinergic REM induction test with RS 86. 158 88

We have examined the effects of prenatal protein malnutrition on interneuronally mediated inhibition and facilitation in the dentate gyrus of the rat using the paired-pulse technique. Field potentials were recorded in the dentate gyrus in response to paired stimuli delivered to the perforant path. The paired-pulse index (PPI) was used as a measure of the net short-term facilitation or interneuronally mediated inhibition effective at the time of the paired-pulse test and was computed by dividing the amplitude of the second population spike (p2) by the amplitude of the first population spike (p1). PPIs were classified according to p1 in order to compare PPIs between behavioral states and dietary treatments since population spike amplitudes in the dentate gyrus vary in relation to behavioral state. Testing was performed during 4 behavioral states: slow-wave sleep (SWS), paradoxical sleep (REM), immobile waking (IW) and exploratory locomotion (AW) using interpulse intervals (IPI) from 20 to 400 ms. The magnitude and duration of interneuronally mediated inhibition was significantly increased in prenatal protein malnourished animals when compared with controls. Paired-pulse tests performed using an IPI of 20 ms under the high p1 (p1 greater than median) condition showed significantly smaller PPIs in prenatal protein malnourished rats regardless of behavioral state. For IPIs greater than 20 ms PPIs were consistently smaller in prenatal protein malnourished rats during SWS and IW. These data indicate that both the magnitude and duration of interneuronally mediated inhibition are increased in prenatally malnourished rats. No consistent diet-related differences were found during AW and REM using IPIs greater than 20 ms because interneuronally mediated inhibition was relatively suppressed during these behavioral states for both dietary groups. There was no consistent behavioral state modulation of paired-pulse facilitation (IPI = 40 to 80 ms) or late inhibition (IPI = 400 ms) in either diet group. In addition, a new relation between PPI and IPI was found under the low p1 (p1 greater than median) condition. During AW the PPIs observed using IPIs of 40 and 50 ms were smaller than those observed using IPIs of 30 and 60 ms. This depression interrupts what is generally considered the "facilitatory" phase of paired-pulse response and may indicate an interaction between perforant path stimulation and hippocampal theta rhythm which is masked when p1 amplitude is high.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Prenatal protein malnutrition alters behavioral state modulation of inhibition and facilitation in the dentate gyrus. 159 45

Psychotropic drug-free hospitalized veterans with nonseasonal major depressive disorders or depressed forms of bipolar disorder were treated with light for 1 week. Twenty-five patients were randomly assigned to bright white light treatment (2000-3000 lux), and 26 patients were randomized to dim red light placebo control treatment. Unlike those treated with dim red light, those treated with bright white light showed declines in three measures of depression during treatment. Partial relapse appeared within 2 days. A global depression score showed a statistically significant (p = 0.02) difference favoring bright white light treatment. Two bright-light-treated patients became mildly hypomanic, but side effects were mild. Improvement was not correlated with patient expectations; indeed, patients expected somewhat greater benefit from the placebo. Patients treated in summer responded as well as those treated in winter. Baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) sleep stage data (e.g., rapid eye movement; REM latency) did not predict treatment responses. These 1-week treatment results suggest that bright light might produce benefits for patients with nonseasonal depression. Bright light should not be recommended for routine clinical application before additional assessments with longer treatment durations are done.
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PMID:Controlled trial of bright light for nonseasonal major depressive disorders. 173 74

Two nights of electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep recording were performed in a group of prepubertal subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 36, mean age = 10.4, SD = 1.5) and age-matched normal control children (n = 18, mean age = 10.1, SD = 1.6). All subjects were medically healthy and free of medications at the time of the study. There were no significant group differences for any major sleep variable after the initial adaptation night in this study. One subgroup of MDD subjects (n = 8) showed reduced REM latency on both recording nights, decreased stage 4 sleep, and increased REM time; this subgroup had significantly higher severity scores for depression but did not otherwise appear to be clinically distinct from the rest of the MDD subjects. Overall, the results indicate that the EEG sleep changes associated with depression in adults occurred less frequently in prepubertal MDD subjects.
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PMID:Electroencephalographic sleep measures in prepubertal depression. 175 33


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