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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eighteen patients over the age of 60 who were experiencing a major depressive episode were studied on a Clinical Research Unit after they had been drug-free for at least two weeks. All-night electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings revealed considerable fragmentation of sleep, a mean sleep efficiency of 58 percent, and very little delta sleep. The findings of reduced sleep time, shortened REM latency, and high REM density were similar to those in depressed patients under the age of 60. These preliminary findings support the application of EEG sleep recordings as a tool for the differential diagnosis of depression in the elderly.
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PMID:Electroencephalographic sleep recordings and depression in the elderly. 20 21

In the last decade all night EEG sleep research has attempted to delineate the sleep features most characteristics of depressive states occurring in adult life. We have reported that EEG sleep variables could be used to verify a diagnostic classification for affective syndromes. This EEG sleep generated schema significantly dichotimized each major clinical category using only two or three EEG sleep measures. REM latency and REM density were sufficient to separate out primary from secondary depressed patients. Sleep efficiency, REM sleep percent, and delta sleep percent discriminated between the psychotic and nonpsychotic subgroups in the primary depressive group. Furthermore, EEG sleep variables separated secondary depression with concurrent medical disease from secondary depression without medical disease using REM activity and intermittent nocturnal awakening as the requisite variables of discrimination. Other ongoing investigations have established that the REM intensity of the first REM period is increased in primary depression. The search for EEG sleep correlates of clinical response in depressed patients receiving tricyclic antidepressants has suggested that, the more rapid the suppression of REM sleep, the more likely that the patient will respond to tricyclic antidepressants. Finally, clinical response appears to be associated with a period of sustained elevation of REM latency.
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PMID:Application of EEG sleep for the differential diagnosis and treatment of affective disorders. 20 49

Depression in children is currently an area of considerable controversy, as is the use of potent psychopharmacologic agents in children. Since EEG sleep techniques have proven to be useful in understanding the mechanisms of depression in adults and in predicting their response to antidepressants, a pilot study employing these techniques was undertaken in a population of hospitalized children. The EEG sleep of 12 children with significant depressive symptomatology was first examined after a two-week drug-free period and again approximately three weeks later when an optimum dose of imipramine had been maintained for at least 7 -- 10 days. Changes in sleep continuity, as reflected in increased wakefulness and a decreased sleep efficiency, as well as an increase in Stage 2 and a decrease in Stage 4 sleep, were observed throughout the entire sample. REM suppression was also noted, but tended to be most pronounced in those children who improved on imipramine.
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PMID:Imipramine and EEG sleep in children with depressive symptoms. 21 40

Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of irregularity in chronic sleep routines were studied. Two groups each of 18 healthy male university students were classified as either irregular sleepers or control subjects according to retrospective questionnaires, and sleep chart criteria. The control group was composed of persons who slept naturally from 12-8:00 a.m. for 7-8 hr. Irregular sleepers were defined as those whose retiring and awakening times varied by about 2-4 hr. Measurements were obtained from an auditory reaction time task, a mood adjective check list, of sublingual temperature and pulse rate 30 min. after awakening in the (a) morning, at (b) noon, in the (c) afternoon and (d) early evening following an electroencephalographically recorded 12-8:00 a.m. sleep night. At various points in the diurnal cycle irregular sleepers compared with the control group had significantly lower levels of pulse rate and body temperature, but significantly longer reaction times. During the four time periods negative affects (deactivation-sleep, depression, general deactivation, inert-fatigued) were significantly greater and positive mood states (cheerful, energetic, general activation--significantly less in the irregular sleepers. The irregular sleepers averaged significantly less stage 4, and REM, but more stage 2 and transitions between sleep stages. The present results indicate that relatively lowered levels of physiological arousal indexes, psychomotor performance and subjective mood are associated with irregularity in chronic sleep routines of young adult males. These psychobehavioral correlates of chronically maintained sleep pattern variations complement and extend previous findings on degradations in waking functions following acute 2-4 hr temporal shifts of habitual sleep periods. It is postulated that there were psychobehavioral deficits in the irregular sleepers attributable either to selective sleep stage (REM and/or stage 4) deprivation or to the more general consequence of disturbed sleeping patterns per se or to both of these factors.
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PMID:Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of irregularity in chronic sleep routines. 21 42

The REM sleep latency of endogenously depressed patients was investigated by analyzing 90 polysomnograms of six patients during depression and 58 polysomnograms of four of these patients after remission. During depression the REM sleep latencies are distributed bimodally with peaks at sleep onset (sleep onset REM phases, SOREMPs) and 60 min later. During the follow-up examinations some time after remission, the occurrence of SOREMPs is very rare. A model is proposed according to which the occurrence of SOREMPs in the sleep of these patients is caused by a reduced amplitude of the circadian rhythm of the arousal system.
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PMID:Bimodal distribution of REM sleep latencies in depression. 22 87

The REM sleep of 23 nonpsychotic patients with primary depression was studied by means of an automated REM analyzer during a drug-free period and again during amitriptyline administration. Initial drug administration (50 mg) was associated with an immediate reduction in the number, average frequency, and average size of the rapid eye movements. The average REM size remained suppressed with continued drug administration while the average REM frequency showed a rebound which was responsible for a partial recovery of the number of REMs and total REM intensity to predrug levels. With regard to individual REM periods, REM frequency and REM intensity were redistributed during tricyclic administration so that the second REM period became more "intense" than the first REM period. This automated REM analysis technique provides an objective set of measures for characterizing discrete aspects of REM sleep during a depressive episode and for evaluating the changes in REM sleep during psychotropic trials.
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PMID:An automated analysis of REM sleep in primary depression. 22 88

Basing themselves on an analysis of data cited by other researchers and the results of their own investigation, conducted on man and animals, the authors disclose that sleep changes are determined by the type of behavioural reaction to emotional stress: the behaviour that includes components of search activity directed at changing the situation is accompanied by a reduction of REM sleep time; renunciation of search, as in the cases of passive avoidance, neurotic anxiety and depression, is attended by an increase in REM sleep requirement. Presumably, the function of REM sleep is to compensate for renunciation of search in the waking period. The authors suggest a method of appraising the character of reaction to stress by sleep changes--calculation of the time ratio of REM sleep to delta-sleep in the first two cycles.
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PMID:REM sleep, stress and search activity. A short critical review and a new conception. 23 Jun 51

Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep measures were examined in 56 drug-free hospitalized patients with primary depression as defined by the Research Diagnostic Criteria. The group included 35 females and 21 males with a mean age of 42.6 +/- 1.4 years. Platelet MAO and EEG sleep data were compared for the group as a whole and separately for the unipolar, bipolar, male, and female subgroups. No significant relationships could be demonstrated for the entire group or for the unipolar, male, or female subgroups. However, an inverse relationship between MAO activity and REM sleep percent was noted in the bipolar subgroup (p < 0.02). While changes in REM sleep have been relatively firmly established in primary depression, the relationship of MAO to depression and to REM sleep remains unclear.
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PMID:MAO activity and EEG sleep in primary depression. 23 58

Characteristic EEG sleep changes in depression are highlighted by a sleep continuity disturbance, delta sleep reduction, and a shortened REM latency. Since these findings have been derived primarily from only a few baseline recordings, questions regarding their persistence and/or variability have not been previously addressed. As part of an extensive set of investigations of EEG sleep in depression, we examined nightly the sleep of 12 hospitalized, non-delusional, primary depressives who were involved in a program of active psychosocial treatment intervention and received only placebo during a 5-week study period. EEG sleep findings revealed a relative lack of change across time, particularly in those parameters reported to be associated with a primary or 'biologic' depressive episode. While some degree of clinical improvement was noted, the group failed to achieve a state of remission or even partial remission as determined by the Hamilton Rating Scale. It appears that the major sleep alterations associated with such disorders persist for up to at least 5 weeks in the absence of pharmacologic or other somatic intervention.
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PMID:EEG sleep in primary depression. A longitudinal placebo study. 23 53

Systematic variation in aspects of the sleep-wakefulness cycle of a depressed woman showed that recovery occurred reliably after 19 to 20 hours sustained wakefulness, unrelated to diurnal rhythm. Depression returned during as little as 15 minutes sleep. The effect of sleep deprivation was a specific response, probably unrelated to REM sleep.
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PMID:Five variations of sleep deprivation in a depressed woman. 54 Feb 5


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