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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The relationship between ECG abnormalities and mortality was studied in 4797 males and 4320 females aged 25 to 74 years who took part in the Belgian Inter-university Research on Nutrition and Health (The BIRNH study). At entry all were free of angina, had no history of acute myocardial infarction and showed no evidence of an old infarction on their baseline ECG. They were followed for an average of 5.6 years, and follow-up for vital status was completed satisfactorily in 99.5%. ECG abnormalities were grouped using several classifications: any abnormality, major and minor abnormalities, ischaemic changes, left ventricular hypertrophy and the separate Minnesota codes IV (ST depression), V (abnormal T-wave) and VIII (arrhythmias). Using logistic regression analysis, adjustment of odds ratios for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was done for age, systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol and uric acid, diabetes, smoking and antihypertensive drug treatment. Men outnumbered women more than twice in total and CVD mortality. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of major abnormalities on the ECG was significantly related to CVD mortality in both men and women (adjusted odds ratios 2.73 and 4.40 respectively). In contrast, minor abnormalities were not independently associated with CVD mortality. In men, ST depression (OR = 5.58), signs of an ischaemic ECG (OR = 3.02) and an abnormal T-wave (OR = 2.58) were independently related to CVD mortality. In women primarily a ST depression (OR = 5.87) and arrhythmias (OR = 4.22) had a significant independent effect on CVD mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The predictive value of electrocardiographic abnormalities for total and cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women. 769 28

The provision of analgesic services to the labour ward at King Edward VIII Hospital was studied during a 1-week period. Of 249 patients, 113 (45%) received no analgesia whatsoever. Intramuscular pethidine was the commonest form of analgesia and was used in 97 patients (39%). Thirty-six patients (14%) received epidural analgesia and only 4 inhalational analgesia using nitrous oxide and oxygen (Entonox). A significant proportion of patients who received pethidine were given the drug between 1 and 3 hours before delivery, increasing the potential for opiate-related neonatal depression. Of the patients given opiate analgesia, 22 (23%) proceeded to caesarean section and could have been at increased risk of aspiration of gastric contents owing to delayed gastric emptying caused by the opiate. One hundred and eleven mothers (76%) who had an obstetric indication for epidural analgesia were denied it because of lack of medical staffing.
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PMID:The labour ward analgesic service at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban. 842 98

Metabolic activity was mapped in the cerebellar cortex and its major inputs and projection targets in monkeys performing visually guided reaching with the left forelimb. Normal monkeys and monkeys deprived of visual input to the right cerebral hemisphere by right optic tract section, combined in some cases with forebrain commissurotomy, were studied. We reported previously that visually guided reaching with the left forelimb activated the motor cortex of the right hemisphere equally in all these monkeys, indicating that reaching was controlled by the right hemisphere whether it was visually intact or "blind" [Savaki H.E. et al. (1993) J. Neurosci. 13, 2772-2789]. In the present study, metabolic activations were observed in the left cerebellar hemispheric extensions of vermian lobules V, VI and VIII, again regardless of whether the right hemisphere was visually intact or "blind". In intact monkeys, however, the activations were significantly smaller in the lateral than in the paravermal zone of these hemispheric extensions, whereas in tractotomized/commissurotomized monkeys the activations were equal in the two zones. The greater activations in the left lateral zone in tractotomized/commissurotomized monkeys may represent compensation in part for the visual deafferentation of the right cerebral hemisphere. Also observed were metabolic activation in the left dorsolateral pontine nucleus in tractotomized/commissurotomized monkeys and metabolic depression in the left dentate nucleus in visually intact monkeys. This pattern of results suggests the following conclusions. The activated loci in the left cerebellar cortex combine (i) visual information about the target relayed by seeing cerebral hemispheres, and (ii) sensorimotor information concerning intended and actual movements of the left forelimb relayed by the right cerebral hemisphere and the limb, respectively, and then (iii) send this integrated information back to the motor cortex of the right cerebral hemisphere, thus enabling it to guide the left forelimb to the target whether the hemisphere is visually intact or "blind".
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PMID:Visually guided reaching with the forelimb contralateral to a "blind" hemisphere in the monkey: contribution of the cerebellum. 892 30

The positive effect of activities on well-being is proposed to be mediated by self-conceptualizations and facilitated by socioeconomic status. The hypothesized processes were estimated with LISREL VIII using data from a large cross-sectional survey with a sample of 679 adults aged 65 and older who were representative of older adults living in the Detroit area. Findings indicate that the frequency of performing both leisure and productive activities yields an effect on physical health and depression and that these effects are mediated in part by a sense of self as agentic, but less clearly by a sense of self as social. Furthermore, socioeconomic status, operationalized as formal educational attainment, facilitates the effect of leisure to a greater extent than that of productive activities.
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PMID:Activities and well-being in older age: effects of self-concept and educational attainment. 964 May 79

Interaction of fd or M13 filamentous phage with a chloroform/water interface induces morphological change, contracting the filaments sequentially into shortened rods (I-forms), and then into spheroidal particles (S-forms). To further investigate this phage contraction, 34 and 26 chloroform-resistant isolates of fd and M13, respectively, were selected after chloroform treatment of wild-type phages at pH 8. 2 and 4 degrees C. DNA sequencing of gene VIII of the 34 fd isolates revealed five different mutants: these were D5H, M28L, V31L, I37T, and S50T. All 26 M13 isolates were I37T. These mutants exhibited variable sensitivity to chloroform, but all contracted much more slowly than wild-type phage during treatment at 4 degrees C. They all contracted like wild-type phage at 37 degrees C. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the indicated single mutations carried the chloroform resistance. In structural models of the phage, the D5H locus is on the outside and the S50T locus is on the inside. The M28L and I37T loci are buried in a mostly hydrophobic region in the middle. Although these four mutants are spread out radially, they are localized in the axial direction into a thin disk in the model. The last mutant locus, V31L, is out of this disk, but this locus is proximal to the M28L and I37T loci and also in contact with the surface via a deep hydrophobic hole or depression. These five mutants, their locations, and their variable affects on contraction suggest that chloroform-induced contraction involves a specific mechanism rather than a generalized solvent-induced denaturation and that the critical structural changes occur in a localized level in the phage. These results add weight to suggestions that the sequential contraction of filaments-->I-forms-->S-forms mimic corresponding steps in phage penetration, and, in the reverse order, for phage assembly.
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PMID:Isolation of chloroform-resistant mutants of filamentous phage: localization in models of phage structure. 1009 51

Since qualitative CT studies have suggested decreased cerebellar size in patients with bipolar disorder, we performed a quantitative analysis of the cerebellum in patients with bipolar disorder to determine whether high-resolution, thin slice magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphometry would reveal similar results. Bipolar patients hospitalized for a first manic episode (n = 16), bipolar patients with prior manic episodes hospitalized for a manic episode (n = 14), and normal volunteers (n = 15) matched for age, sex, race, and education were recruited and anatomic brain scans were acquired using a Picker 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. Right and left cerebellar hemisphere volumes and vermal areas V1 (lobules I-V), V2 (lobules VI-VII), and V3 (lobules VIII-X) were measured. ANCOVA comparing each ROI, adjusting for race, sex, age, total cerebral volume, and substance abuse duration, revealed a significant group effect for vermal V3 area. Specifically, V3 area was significantly smaller in multiple-episode patients than in first-episode patients or healthy volunteers. Number of previous episodes of depression may contribute to this finding. These results suggest that cerebellar vermal atrophy may be a later neurodegenerative event in patients with bipolar disorder who have had multiple affective episodes. The confounding effects of medications are considered.
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PMID:MRI analysis of the cerebellum in bipolar disorder: a pilot study. 1037 20

Stress results in alterations in behavior and physiology that can be either adaptive or maladaptive. To define the molecular pathways involved in the response to stress further, we generated mice deficient (KO) in the calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase type VIII (AC8) by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. AC8 KO mice demonstrate a compromise in calcium-stimulated AC activity in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and brainstem. Hippocampal slices derived from AC8 KO mice fail to demonstrate CA1-region long-term depression after low-frequency stimulation, and AC8 KO mice also fail to activate CRE-binding protein in the CA1 region after restraint stress. To define the behavioral consequences of AC8 deficiency, we evaluated AC8 KO mice in the elevated plus-maze and open field. Although naive AC8 KO mice exhibit indices of anxiety comparable with that of wild-type mice, AC8 KO mice do not show normal increases in behavioral markers of anxiety when subjected to repeated stress such as repetitive testing in the plus-maze or restraint preceding plus-maze testing. These results demonstrate a novel role for AC8 in the modulation of anxiety.
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PMID:Altered stress-induced anxiety in adenylyl cyclase type VIII-deficient mice. 1086 38

The comparative study has been carried out on hypothalamic neurohormone (proline-rich polypeptides-PRP) and synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) protective properties at the systemic (i/m) administration. Both background and evoked electrical activity (on n.ischiadicus stimulation) of single neurons in the lumbo-sacral part (laminae II-VI and VII-VIII by Rexed) and field potentials (FP) of spinal cord were recorded during acute experiments on intact spinal rats, subjected to Vipera Raddei (VR) venom intoxication, and chronic spinal cord trauma (hemisection). The action of PRP was characterized by the pronounced activation of the background activity (BA) with adaptive effect, depending on dose and initial level of BA, by results of the statistical analysis. A high effect is received from comparatively small doses. For comparison it was used strong glucocorticoid DEX, possessing single-directed but less expressed excitative action on investigated spinal cord neurons. The initial increase of BA frequency with subsequent depression was the typical symptom of venom influence. A protective effect of preliminary PRP injection is revealed on the succeeding VR venom influence. Use of PRP and DEX causes the increase of reduced activity of neurons on the injury side of animals with spinal cord hemisection. It provides the possibility of the therapeutic utilization. It was revealed considerably more expressed PRP action on neurodegenerative process connected to spinal cord injury (in comparison with DEX). The influence of hormones was compared in identical conditions of experiments on non-injured (control) and injured sides. Taking into consideration revealed protection characteristic of PRP and also the ability of snake venom to stabilize and to prolong its action combined with these preparations, the assumption is made on prospective use of the specified combination in clinical practice.
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PMID:Comparison of the protection against neuronal injury by hypothalamic peptides and by dexamethasone. 1115 86

Suicide affects about one million people each year, a phenomenon characterized by heterogeneous and complex causes. Often environmental factors such as negative life events may act as a significant contributor to suicidal behavior. However, in many cases the exposure to the same environmental stress does not result in increased suicidality. It is now well established that there is also a substantial genetic contribution to suicidal behavior. Here, functional and association studies which implicate specific genes in psychological traits and environmental factors are discussed, interactions which are related to completed suicide or suicide attempt, and our novel findings which need replication are presented. We found that genetic variation in the noradrenergic tyrosine hydroxylase gene was associated with the angry/hostility personality trait and vulnerability to stress. Similarly, we recently discovered that genetic variation in components of the stress-related hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis, T-box 19 and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1, showed association and linkage to high anger/hostility in and male depression the suicidal offspring, respectively. Further results from our studies have revealed that genetic variation in genes with roles in basal mechanisms of neural conduction, voltage-gated sodium channel type VIII alpha and vesicle-associated membrane 4 protein, showed association and linkage among suicide attempters. Additionally, we have results which give support to the findings of others, implicating the serotonin transporter and serotonin receptor 1A in suicidal behavior. Our future studies aim at identifying and resolving complex patterns and mechanisms of neurobiological gene-environment interactions, which may contribute to suicide.
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PMID:Nature and nurture in suicidal behavior, the role of genetics: some novel findings concerning personality traits and neural conduction. 1758 62

Noradrenaline and serotonin have previously been demonstrated to facilitate the transmission between descending reticulospinal tracts fibres and commissural interneurons coordinating left-right hindlimb muscle activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of subclasses of monoaminergic membrane receptors to this facilitation. The neurons were located in Rexed lamina VIII in midlumbar segments and identified by their projections to the contralateral gastrocnemius-soleus motor nuclei and by lack of projections rostral to the lumbosacral enlargement. The effects of ionophoretically applied membrane receptor agonists [phenylephrine (noradrenergic alpha(1)), clonidine (noradrenergic alpha(2)), 8-OH-DPAT (5-HT(1A), 5-HT(7)), 2-me-5-HT (5-HT(3)), 5-me-5-HT (5-HT(2)) and alpha-me-5-HT (5-HT(2))] were examined on extracellularly recorded spikes evoked monosynaptically by electric stimulation of descending reticulospinal fibres in the medial longitudinal fascicle. Application of alpha(1) and 5-HT(2) agonists resulted in a facilitation of responses in all investigated neurons while application of alpha(2), 5-HT(1A/7) and 5-HT(3) agonists resulted in a depression. These opposite modulatory effects of different agonists suggest that the facilitatory actions of noradrenaline and serotonin on responses of commissural interneurons reported previously following ionophoretic application are the net outcome of the activation of different subclasses of monoaminergic membrane receptors. As these receptors may be distributed predominantly, or even selectively, at either pre- or postsynaptic sites their differential modulatory actions could be compatible with a presynaptically induced depression and a postsynaptically evoked enhancement of synaptic transmission between reticulospinal neurons and commissural interneurons.
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PMID:Differential modulation by monoamine membrane receptor agonists of reticulospinal input to lamina VIII feline spinal commissural interneurons. 1776 99


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