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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An exploratory cross-cultural study was undertaken of two widely used self-rating scales: the Zung and the Depression Scale on the 90 Item Symptom Checklist, or SCL-Depression. Both scales were translated into Hmong and tested in two samples of Hmong refugees in the U.S.A. One sample (n = 86) consisted of a field survey of all Hmong people living in Minnesota. Of the 86, 15 sought treatment and were diagnosed as having major depression during the year following their self rating, so that a comparison of patients' scores with nonpatients' scores was possible. The other sample consisted of another 51 Hmong psychiatric patients with major depression. This second group was also assessed by four psychiatric rating scales (i.e. Hamilton Depression Scale, brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Inpatient Multidimensional Rating Scale, and Nurse's Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation) and two measures of treatment intensity (i.e. number of visits, duration of treatment). In the general Hmong population (n = 86), both self-rating scales were highly intercorrelated, and strongly associated with patient status. In the patient sample (n = 51), only the SCL-Depression showed any correlations with psychiatric rating scales or with treatment variables. This is contrary to the anticipated outcome, as it had been expected that the Zung would perform better than the SCL-Depression. In addition, duration of treatment was inversely correlated with the SCL-Depression, also opposite to our prediction. Probable causes for these unexpected results are presented. An item analysis was undertaken, comparing 71 Hmong survey subjects who were not treated for depression with 51 Hmong psychiatric patients who were treated for depression. Most Zung and SCL-Depression items showed significantly higher symptom levels in the depressed patients. However, non-depressed controls unexpectedly reported significantly higher symptom levels on certain items. No significant differences were observed on several Zung and SCL items. These unexpected findings are discussed in light of the refugee's adjustment and experience.
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PMID:Two self-rating scales for depression in Hmong refugees: assessment in clinical and nonclinical samples. 373 40

The Newcastle Anxiety and Depression Diagnostic Index (NADDI) has been reviewed, and its advantages and disadvantages discussed. One hundred eighty-seven patients were examined, and grouped into three categories by means of the NADDI, which produced a unimodal distribution of score. These three groups were studied in respect of the Hamilton Depression and SCL-90 self-rating scales. Significant profile differences were found on both scales. Patients with pure anxiety and pure depression were more distressed than the intermediate group of mixed anxiety-depressed patients. The NADDI scale items were compared in four clinical groups of primary endogenous, primary nonendogenous depression, generalized anxiety, and panic disorder. Most differences were found when panic disorder was compared to the other three groups, and generalized anxiety disorder received minimal validation. Treatment response was also examined.
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PMID:An assessment of the Newcastle Anxiety Depression Index. 375 59

Sixty depressed patients and 52 normal controls completed three selfreport inventories: the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a new Verbal Style Investigation Schedule (VESIS) developed by the first author. The VESIS uses 16 key emotional and physical terms from Western inventories and identified the words and phrases most commonly used by Chinese patients to express these feeling states. Chinese subjects commonly used the key term itself for only 3 or the 16 key terms; they usually preferred to use other words or phrases to express the feeling state. We categorized these Chinese expressions into four styles of verbal expression: Psychological, Somatic, Neutral (i.e., a mixture of psychological and somatic) and Deficient (i.e., lack of expression because of denial or suppression). Three of the 12 key emotional terms of the VESIS (depressed, fearful, and anxiousness) were more commonly expressed in a somatic or neutral mode than the other key emotional terms. The key terms "suicidal interest" and "being punished" were more commonly expressed in a deficient style than other key emotional terms. The somatic factor score of the SCL-90 was not correlated with increased somatic expression of emotional states; thus patients who have multiple somatic complaints are not more likely to express emotions somatically. The hypothesis of somatization is discussed in light of this study.
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PMID:Styles of verbal expression of emotional and physical experiences: a study of depressed patients and normal controls in China. 375 40

In a long-term follow-up study of 44 young female alcoholics, 57% were abstainers, light, or moderate drinkers with good social functioning. The women's vocational functioning had improved compared with the situation at intake. Nevertheless, many needed public financial support, and 62% reported mental disturbances relevant to their present functioning. Anxiety disorders with phobias, depression and psycho-somatic complaints were most frequently reported. A few women suffered from a post-traumatic stress syndrome following a relationship with a violent partner. The symptom picture of the abstainers and heavy drinkers was much the same when measured by the SCL-90, whereas the light and moderate drinkers had fewer symptoms and lower symptom intensity. The article discusses the complicated relationship between life situation, mental disorders, and personality disorders, in women alcoholics. All these aspects must be dealt with to allow a more effective treatment of female alcoholics.
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PMID:Female alcoholics. I. Psycho-social outcome six years after treatment. 376 77

Lack of interest in sexual activity is one of the most prevalent psychosexual problems seen by clinicians. No consensus exists on etiology, symptomatology, appropriate therapeutic intervention, or prognosis. Desire disorders are believed to be highly refractory to treatment because of severe intrapsychic conflict, but no systematic data have been gathered about the histories of psychopathology in these individuals. Forty-six married subjects with a primary DSM-III diagnosis of global inhibited sexual desire (ISD) were compared with 36 matched controls on lifetime psychopathology, current psychological profiles, and premenstrual syndrome. A clinical interview, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version and the SCL-90-R were administered to all subjects. Only ISD subjects free from any other axis I disorder, medical illness, medication use, or substance abuse were selected; controls met similar criteria but had no sexual dysfunction. Despite the fact that all ISD subjects had nearly normal psychological profiles at the time of assessment, more ISDs than controls had significantly elevated lifetime prevalence rates of affective disorder. The proportion of ISD individuals with histories of major and/or intermittent depression alone was almost twice as high as controls. Additionally, the initial episode of the depressive disorder almost always coincided with or preceded ISD onset. Significantly more ISD women than controls also had severe symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. The remarkable lifetime rate of affective illness in ISD patients suggests that there may be a common biological etiology or that affective psychopathology may be contributing to the pathogenesis of the ISD dysfunction.
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PMID:Lifetime psychopathology in individuals with low sexual desire. 377 53

Standard psychological tests generally provide a single global score that reflects multidimensional constructs, such as depression and anxiety. This single score, however, integrates a range of item contents, including cognitive/affective, somatic, and behavioral characteristics of these multidimensional constructs. The present study was designed to compare the pattern of item endorsement among chronic pain patients (N = 50), psychiatric inpatients (N = 50), and hospital employees (N = 50) on the SCL-90-R (Derogatis, Rickels, & Rock, 1976). Pain patients reported the highest SCL-90 scale level of Somatization, while the psychiatric inpatients reported the highest level of Anxiety and Depression. Additionally, the within-scale pattern of item responses on the Anxiety and Depression scales differed among groups. Although psychiatric inpatients endorsed equivalent levels of somatic and cognitive items, the pain patients' reports of psychological distress were limited primarily to somatic signs of anxiety and depression. Thus, the interpretation of pain patients' psychological profiles and subsequent treatment recommendations may be inappropriate if based on normative data obtained from psychiatric and/or normal populations.
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PMID:Cognitive and somatic item response pattern of pain patients, psychiatric patients, and hospital employees. 380 98

This study examined relationships between the clinical symptom syndrome scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and the various clinically meaningful mood or symptom states measured by the six Profile of Mood States (POMS) scales (N = 243). The MCMI symptom scale--POMS symptom/mood scale relationships found in this study were compared with MCMI symptom scale--MMPI and SCL-90 symptom/mood scale relationships reported in the MCMI manual (Millon, 1983). Results of the present investigation, when combined with results of the previous analyses reported in the MCMI manual, reveal a number of consistent associations of moderate strength between MCMI symptom scales and selected mood or symptom scales from the MMPI and Symptom Checklist-90 as well as from the POMS. Although most relationships between the MCMI symptom scales and the symptom/mood scales of the POMS, MMPI and SCL-90 were consistent with expectation, the Anxiety, Dysthymia and Psychotic Depression scales of the MCMI show limited ability to discriminate appropriately between anxiety and depression in several of the concurrent validity analyses considered herein.
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PMID:Concurrent validity of the clinical symptom syndrome scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. 380 3

Illness behavior in panic disorder was examined by comparing the coping strategies of female primary care patients (34 with panic disorder, 30 with simple panic, and 78 without panic.) Relationships of coping and distress were also examined within each group. The groups differed significantly on the Ways of Coping Checklist, anxiety (SCL-90 and Zung scales), depression (SCL-90 and Beck scales), and number of phobias. The panic disorder group used proportionately less problem-focused and more wishful thinking than the other groups. Within the panic disorder group, anxiety and depression were correlated negatively with problem-focused coping and positively with wishful thinking, and number of phobias was correlated negatively with the seeking of social support and positively with wishful thinking. Most importantly, when an attempt was made to statistically separate panic patients with multiple phobias from those without multiple phobias, coping was a better marker than was distress. These results emphasize the importance of cognitions in illness behavior and anxiety disorder.
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PMID:Coping as an index of illness behavior in panic disorder. 380 78

Relatively little attention has been paid to the post-disaster health status and well-being of older persons. The data discussed in this article were gathered through use of a retrospective cohort survey five years following a major flood in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania. The subsample of women sixty-five years and older used in this analysis is composed of 122 female victims and forty-five controls from the same communities. The instruments used to measure mental status included Langner's 22-Item Scale, Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale, and a modified Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SCL-90). Additional items related to self-perceptions of health status, to influence of the flood on health and well-being, and to other issues. Significant differences occurred in self-perceptions, including state of mind after the flood (p less than .001), distress during recovery (p less than .001), quality of life after the flood (p less than .001), and frequency of thinking about the flood matters (p less than .025). Use of the instruments designed to assess mental status did not indicate greater levels of anxiety or depression in elderly victims as compared to non-victims.
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PMID:The effect of disaster on the health and well-being of older women. 383 Aug 92

Eight subjects, aged 26 to 50 years, who had long histories of carbohydrate (CHO) craving and were more than 45 kg above desirable body weight participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover pilot study on the effects of L-tryptophan on weight loss and mood state. One g of tryptophan with 10 g of CHO was administered three times a day, 30 min before meals, as an adjunct to a weight-loss protocol that included nutritional consultation teaching low fat, high fiber diets ranging from 1200-1600 kcals/day, behavior modification, and supportive therapy. During the pretreatment period, body weight and plasma tryptophan levels were measured and the Beck Depression Inventory, SCL 90 rating, and Profile-of-Mood State (POMS) were used to assess mood. During the treatment periods, subjects kept daily records of food intake and the timing of medication. All patients were seen at least biweekly. After six weeks on medication, baseline measurements were repeated and the crossover between tryptophan and placebo was implemented. After an additional six weeks on placebo or tryptophan, the same measurements were repeated. For the eight patients who completed the three-month protocol, the mean weight loss for six weeks on placebo was 1.14 kg and for six weeks on tryptophan was 2.3 kg. Mean Beck scores were 8.8 during the control period, 8.3 on placebo, and 10.9 on tryptophan. Mean SCL 90 ratings were 69.2 during the control, 54.6 on placebo, and 64.2 on tryptophan. Mean scores for total mood disturbance on the POMS were 48 during the control period, 43 on placebo, and 52 on tryptophan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:L-tryptophan does not increase weight loss in carbohydrate-craving obese subjects. 383 Sep 30


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