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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors present the results from the study of the cellular immunoreactivity of immunocompetent lymphoid cells in 23 patients with gastric carcinoma and 30 patients with ulcer disease of the stomach, by applying the test for the confirmation of rosette-forming T-lymphocytes, according to the method of Bach and Lay. A significantly decreased number of T-lymphocytes was found both in case of ulcer disease of the stomach and gastric carcinoma. Best manifested is the depression of the cellular immunoreactivity in gastric carcinoma and it corresponds to the degree of the generalization of the process.
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PMID:[Spontaneous rosette test in peptic ulcer of the stomach and stomach cancer]. 31 Jun 2

Health is a product of culture and social structure. The routine organization and constraints of everyday settings shape our health. Socio-economic status is of major importance in determining exposure to disease risk and in shaping health and illness behavior responses. Lay explanations of illness affect illness appraisal, self-treatment, decisions to seek care and changes in daily regimen. Somatization of psychosocial stressors is a common concern in primary care systems throughout the world, and doctors are commonly frustrated by such patients. Somatizing patients are often enmeshed in environments of great psychosocial difficulty or are depressed, and many cultural and social factors affect how depression is expressed. Although depression has devastating disabling effects on patients, it is often neither recognized by doctors nor treated. But doctor-patient relationships are often the context for appropriate management of such problems, and how they are handled affect the future trajectory of illness and disability. Doctors' responses are conditioned by their attitudes, training, interviewing and psychosocial skills, and organizational and financial factors. Patient flow is an important intervening variable affecting the management of psychosocial difficulties and depression.
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PMID:Health and illness behavior and patient-practitioner relationships. 152 72

The point prevalence of depressive disorders was estimated in a sample of persons aged 70 years and over, which included both those living in the community and those in institutional settings. Lay interviewers administered the Canberra Interview for the Elderly to the subjects and their informants. The point prevalence of depressive episodes as defined by the Draft ICD-10 diagnostic criteria was 3.3%. The rate for DSM-III-R major depressive disorder was 1.0%. The latter prevalence rate is similar to those reported elsewhere for the elderly. Evidence is accumulating that older persons may indeed have low rates for depressive disorders at the formal case level. Possible reasons for this finding are offered. A scale for depressive symptoms, based exclusively on those specified in Draft ICD-10 and DSM-III-R, showed that the elderly do experience many depressive symptoms. Contrary to expectation, these did not increase with age. The number of depressive symptoms was correlated with neuroticism, poor physical health, disability and a history of previous depression. Attention now needs to be directed to the clinical significance of depressive symptoms below the case level in elderly persons.
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PMID:The prevalence of depressive disorders and the distribution of depressive symptoms in later life: a survey using Draft ICD-10 and DSM-III-R. 823 78

The present work explores the impact of helping others on the physical and psychosocial well-being of the provider. Lay people were trained to listen actively and to provide compassionate, unconditional positive regard to others with the same chronic disease. The recipients of the peer support intervention were participants of a psychosocial randomized trial, whereas the peer supporters were study personnel and were therefore not randomized. We describe a secondary analysis of a randomized trial to explore the impact of being a peer supporter on these lay people. Subjects were 132 people with multiple sclerosis, all of whom completed quality-of-life questionnaires 3 times over 2 years. A focus group was also implemented with the peer telephone supporters 3 years after completion of the randomized trial. Effect size was computed for each quality-of-life outcome, and the focus group discussion was content analyzed. We found that compared to supported patients, the peer telephone supporters: (1) reported more change in both positive and negative outcomes as compared to the supported patients and that the effect size of these changes tended to be larger (chi2 = 9.6, df = 4, p < 0.05) and (2) showed pronounced improvement on confidence, self-awareness, self-esteem, depression and role functioning. Content analysis revealed that the participants articulated a sense of dramatic change in their lives in terms of how they thought of themselves and in how they related to others. We conclude with a discussion of response shift, a mediator of adaptation to illness which involves shifting internal standards, values, and concept definitions of health and well-being. We suggest that a response shift may be induced by a therapeutic strategy involving the externalization and re-internalization of concern among physically ill patients.
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PMID:Helping others helps oneself: response shift effects in peer support. 1040 Feb 57

Women are consistently reported to have a greater prevalence of depressive disorders than men. The reason for this is unclear, and is as likely to be social as biological. There is some evidence that the excess of depression is greater during women's reproductive lives. Data from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity were used to test the hypothesis that the excess disappeared in the post-menopausal years and that obvious social explanations for this were inadequate. Subjects (n = 9792) from a random sample of the British population provided data for the analysis. Lay interviewers using the CIS-R carried out psychiatric assessment. Subjects with ICD-10 depressive episode or mixed anxiety/depression were compared with the remainder. Social variables that were likely to contribute to a post-menopausal decline in depressive disorders were controlled in logistic regression analyses. There was a clear reversal of the sex difference in prevalence of depression in those over age 55. This could not be explained in terms of differential effects of marital status, childcare, or employment status. This large and representative survey adds considerably to the increasingly held view that the sex difference in prevalence of depression is less apparent in later middle age. This may be linked to the menopause, and our attempts to explain it in terms of obvious conditions among social variables were not successful. More specific studies are required to clarify the finding.
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PMID:The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depressive conditions: report from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. 1274 13

Suicide is the ninth major cause of death in the nation. California, according to the latest comprehensive figures (1949), ranks about 50 per cent above the national average. Yet the importance of suicide as a cause of death is gravely underestimated. At hospitals and other agencies only emergency treatment is given before discharge of persons who attempt suicide, although it is known that many will repeat the attempt. Rarely is psychiatric evaluation carried out or definitive treatment prescribed. Suicidal symptoms are often ignored in other cases. Physicians have a responsibility, as in any disorder, to recognize signs and symptoms of impending suicide and to use all means of prevention. Prevention could be forwarded by the education of physicians and laymen in detecting early signs of depression, in recognizing accident proneness, and in insisting upon legal control of use of barbiturates, a common means of suicide. Lay associations should encourage individuals with suicidal impulses to go to psychiatric clinics for help. Police should learn how to deal with suicidal attempts, and hospitals should include psychiatric examination and advice as to treatment of all such persons. Suicidal attempts should be registered and reported to public health officers in the same way as are other dangerous diseases. More research should be done on case records of these patients, in order to better understand motivations and means of prevention.
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PMID:Prevention of suicide. 1320 73

Lay health advisers (LHAs) are increasingly used to deliver tobacco dependence treatment, especially with low-socioeconomic status (SES) populations. More information is needed about treatment adherence to help interpret mixed evidence of LHA intervention effectiveness. This study examined adherence to behavioral counseling and nicotine patches in an LHA intervention with 147 Ohio Appalachian female daily smokers. Participants were randomly selected from clinics and randomized to the intervention condition of a randomized controlled trial. Overall, 75.5% of participants received all seven planned LHA visits, 29.3% used patches for >7 weeks and approximately half received high average ratings on participant responsiveness. Depressive symptoms and low nicotine dependence were associated with lower patch adherence while high poverty-to-income ratio was associated with high responsiveness. Compared with those with fewer visits, participants who received all visits were more likely to be abstinent (22.5 versus 2.8%, P=0.026) or have attempted quitting (85.0 versus 47.4%, P=0.009) at 3 months. High participant responsiveness was associated with 12-month abstinence. LHA interventions should focus on improving adherence to nicotine patches and managing depression because it is an independent risk factor for low adherence.
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PMID:Treatment adherence in a lay health adviser intervention to treat tobacco dependence. 2284 47

There is a lack of theory-based randomized controlled trials to examine the effect of antiretroviral adherence in sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed the effectiveness of a lay health worker lead structured group intervention to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a cohort of HIV-infected adults. This two-arm randomized controlled trial was undertaken at an HIV clinic in a district hospital in South Africa. A total of 152 adult patients on ART and with adherence problems were randomized 1:1 to one of two conditions, a standard adherence intervention package plus a structured three session group intervention or to a standard adherence intervention package alone. Self-reported adherence was measured using the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group adherence instrument prior to, post intervention and at follow-up. Baseline characteristics were similar for both conditions. At post-intervention, adherence information knowledge increased significantly in the intervention condition in comparison to the standard of care, while adherence motivation and skills did not significantly change among the conditions over time. There was a significant improvement in ART adherence and CD4 count and a significant reduction of depression scores over time in both conditions, however, no significant intervention effect between conditions was found. Lay health workers may be a useful adjunct to treatment to enhance the adherence information component of the medication adherence intervention, but knowledge may be necessary but not sufficient to increase adherence in this sample. Psychosocial informational interventions may require more advanced skill training in lay health workers to achieve superior adherence outcomes in comparison standard care in this resource-constrained setting.
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PMID:Efficacy of a lay health worker led group antiretroviral medication adherence training among non-adherent HIV-positive patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: results from a randomized trial. 2323 50

Lay people were asked to read one Depression, one Schizophrenia, and three Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) vignettes. After each, they were asked what they thought the problem was for the individuals concerned and to make various ratings. Half of each of the five vignettes were of male, and the other of female, characters. The results demonstrated that laypeople are less likely to suggest help for, and have more difficulty identifying NPD compared to Depression and Schizophrenia. There were differences in the likeliness to suggest help between all three NPD vignettes and differences in the identification of two NPD vignettes possible due to the length and details in different vignettes. The gender of the person in the vignette had no effect on identification. The participants NPI scores were not correlated with the Narcissism literacy suggesting no relationship between having, and spotting, the disorder. Implications and limitations of the research are considered.
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PMID:How to spot a narcissist: Mental health literacy with respect to Narcissistic Personality Disorder. 2527 11

The HIV testing, treatment and care programme of the South African public healthcare system depends on HIV counselling and testing (HCT) that is primarily delivered by lay counsellors. Lay counsellors are expected to educate clients about HIV/AIDS, advocate behaviour change, convey test results and support those infected and affected to cope with the emotional and social challenges associated with HIV/AIDS. This research focuses on the emotional wellbeing of lay HCT counsellors because this influences the quality of services they provide. A mixed methods approach was used. The emotional wellbeing, level of burnout, depression and coping style of 50 lay HCT counsellors working at the City of Tshwane clinics were assessed. Additionally, five focus group discussions were conducted. The results showed that HCT counsellors reported average emotional wellbeing, high levels of emotional exhaustion and depression. They had a sense of personal accomplishment and positive coping skills. The results revealed that they may have difficulty dealing with clients' emotional distress without adequate training and supervision. This creates a dilemma for service delivery. In the light of the important role they play in service delivery, the role of the lay HCT counsellor needs to be reconsidered. HCT should develop as a profession with specific training and supervision to develop their emotional competencies to conduct effective counselling sessions.
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PMID:The emotional wellbeing of lay HIV counselling and testing counsellors. 2622 34


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