Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three trials were conducted to identify the critical vitamins in the diets of broiler-strain chicks fed alfalfa juice protein concentrate (AJPC) corn-soy diets from 0 to 3 wk of age. Vitamin supplements were added to AJPC diets. Diets were formulated to contain, parts 30/121, 40/128, 50/135, and 60/142 parts AJPC/parts total diet. Parts were used to permit usage of wet materials and still maintain about 90% dry matter. All diets were formulated to contain 20% crude protein, .93% total sulfur-containing amino acids, and 2,940 kcal metabolizable energy/kg diet. Propionic acid was added at .2% to all diets. Feeds were refrigerated (7 C) and fed out daily. The addition of choline, riboflavin, vitamin B12, vitamin A or E, folic acid, or biotin did not increase weight gains. Addition of 3 mg/kg vitamin B6 completely overcame the growth depression caused by the 50-parts AJPC diet and significant (P less than .05) growth increases (13 to 29%) were achieved with vitamin-B6 supplementation to the 60-parts AJPC diet. Depressed immune responses were completely prevented by the addition of 3 mg/kg of vitamin B6. The significant (P less than .05) increases in leg deformities observed in birds fed the 60-parts AJPC diet were also brought back to more typical values in birds fed the diet supplemented with 3 mg/kg vitamin B6. Vitamin K supplementation (.53 mg/kg) to the 60-parts AJPC diet resulted in significant decreases from 15 min in blood clotting times to 3 to 5 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Critical vitamin supplementation of broiler diets high in alfalfa juice protein. 344 36

Folate deficiency is a common occurrence in psychiatric disorders, whether organic or functional, particularly in depressive illness. We have shown that folate deficiency is a common association of depressive symptoms in a variety of settings including primary endogenous or non-endogenous depression, and in alcoholic, lithium-treated and anorexic patients. Possible pathogenetic mediating mechanisms for this association are methylation and hydroxylation and the implications for nutritional hypotheses of the psychoses are discussed. We suggest that folate deficiency, with or without deficiencies of other nutritional factors such as monoamine precursors, vitamins B6, B12 and C, may predispose to or aggravate psychiatric disturbances, particularly depression and a model for these interactions is proposed.
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PMID:The biology of folate in depression: implications for nutritional hypotheses of the psychoses. 352 19

Organic illness in the elderly can often present with psychiatric signs and symptoms such as anxiety, agitation, depression, mania, paranoia, delusions, hallucinations, and changes in cognitive function. The prototypes of three such diseases--B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, and normal pressure hydrocephalus are discussed. Specifically addressed are the neuropsychiatric manifestations of these diseases and the need for a thorough and continuing evaluation of patients presenting with mental dysfunction, in order to ensure an accurate and timely diagnosis. It is only through the recognition that these symptoms may represent non-psychiatric organic disease that early treatment can be implemented and symptoms potentially reversed.
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PMID:Mental dysfunction as a sign of organic illness in the elderly. 367 40

To better understand the process of time-related functional deterioration which occurs in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), we examined the effects of in vitro storage on multiple functional parameters of human PMNs. Single-donor, phlebotomy-collected PMNs were stored at both room temperature and 37 degrees C for 24 and 48 h, then compared to fresh cells from the same donor. Similar numbers of cells were recovered from each storage condition. Cell viability decreased after 37 degrees C storage for 48 h. Cells stored at room temperature for 24 h showed significant depression of multiple functions (bactericidal activity, chemotaxis, aggregation, superoxide production, and oxygen consumption) compared to fresh cells. They contained less vitamin B12 binding protein activity than fresh cells, and by fluorescence-activated cell-sorter analysis, their forward light scatter and membrane depolarization responses were abnormal. For all parameters examined, cells stored at 37 degrees C were more abnormal than cells stored at room temperature. Stored cells from a patient with myeloperoxidase deficiency lost bactericidal and chemotactic activity after storage at 37 degrees C for 24 h, but cells from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease retained their original bactericidal and chemotactic activity after 37 degrees C storage for 24 h. Radiation, in doses used to prevent graft vs. host disease in leukocyte-transfusion recipients (2500-5000 rads) caused a significant decrease in the mean percentage of continuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis (CFCL) collected PMNs capable of reducing nitroblue tetrazolium. Human PMNs show deterioration of multiple in vitro functions when they are stored and are susceptible to damage by radiation when they are collected by CFCL.
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PMID:Effects of storage and radiation on human neutrophil function in vitro. 369 76

Although it is highly desirable to reduce the need for experiments with animals, in vitro methods cannot entirely supplant them. Observations made in simple systems must be checked in a live subject if they are to be relevant to man or other higher animals. Young growing chicks are very susceptible to vitamin deficiencies. Biological assays in chicks have been used to check the validity of chemical and microbiological methods of measuring vitamins in foods. Experiments with chicks and chick embryos deprived of vitamin B12 have served to predict the likely clinical effects of analogues of the vitamin. The discovery of the growth-promoting properties of dietary antibiotics stimulated research into the influence of the gut microflora on its host. Studies in germ-free and gnotobiotic chicks have implicated Streptococcus faecium as one of the organisms responsible for the growth depression reversed by antibiotics. In general the growth of conventional chicks given adequate diets is slightly less good than that of their germ-free counterparts, although small beneficial effects of the microflora have been observed in special circumstances. The most important function of the indigenous microflora appears to be as a barrier against invasion by pathogens. To sustain this protective barrier may incur a small cost to the host in terms of dietary energy and other nutrients.
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PMID:Gordon memorial lecture. The biologists' debt to the domestic fowl. 370 5

This article analyzes the modifying effects on absorption rates, disposition, and therapeutic effects when drugs interact with both nutrient and non-nutrient food and beverage components. A classification of drug-nutrient interactions is presented and a profile of risk factors is developed. Drug absorption can be affected by food components through changes in gastric emptying time, filling of the gastrointestinal tract, adsorption of drug onto food components, interaction of drug with a food substance, changes in splanchnic blood flow, and bile release. Drugs may be metabolized faster when patients are on high protein-low carbohydrate diets. Adverse drug reactions can be precipitated by intake with specific foods or alcoholic beverages. In addition, certain drugs can produce nutritional toxicity or deficiencies. For example, the vitamin B6 requirements of oral contraceptive (OC) users are increased over those of nonusers; however, the subclinical deficiencies of folacin, riboflavin, and vitamins B12 and C that were associated with pre-1974 OCs have been lessened by recent reductions in OC's estrogen content. The major risk factor for drug-nutrient and drug-alcohol incompatibilities is lack of awareness on the part of the patient of the circumstances in which such a reaction is likely to occur. Patients with diagnoses of depression, anxiety-depression, phobic anxiety, Hodgkin's disease, tuberculosis, bacterial enteritis, giadiasis, trichomonal vaginitis, dermatophytosis, and alcoholism are at greatest risk. High-risk groups for drug-induced nutritional deficiencies are the elderly, alcoholics, pregnant women, epileptics, and cancer patients.
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PMID:Drug-food and drug-nutrient interactions. 390 Mar 36

The morphology of the bone marrow of 21 dentists who habitually used nitrous oxide in their surgeries was investigated. Exposure to nitrous oxide was measured with an atmospheric sampling device, and each dentist was invited to fill in a questionnaire giving details of medical history, diet, and intake of alcohol. During the trial a full neurological and haematological investigation was carried out and a bone marrow aspirate was examined both morphologically and by the deoxyuridine suppression test. Mean exposures to nitrous oxide ranged from 159 to 4600 parts per million. In all subjects serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were within normal limits. Abnormal results of deoxyuridine suppression tests were obtained in three of the 20 dentists tested; two of these three had abnormal white cells in their peripheral blood films. This study provides direct evidence that occupational exposure to nitrous oxide may cause depression of vitamin B12 activity resulting in measurable changes in bone marrow secondary to impaired synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid.
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PMID:Toxicity of bone marrow in dentists exposed to nitrous oxide. 392 75

Differential absorption of D-xylose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, and unmediated intestinal permeation of lactulose and L-rhamnose has been investigated in 14 patients with diarrhoea following tropical exposure and in 16 healthy control subjects. Five had malabsorption of fat, D-xylose and B12 ('tropical malabsorption' (TM) group), and that was absent or minimal in the others ('tropical diarrhoea' (TD) group). After combined ingestion of the four test sugars in iso-osmolar solution a marked depression in plasma D-xylose concentration (with a slow rise) occurred in all of the TM group; the TD group did not differ significantly from the controls. In contrast, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose absorption was similar in all three groups. Urine analysis demonstrated that intestinal permeation of lactulose was increased and that of rhamnose decreased in the TM group compared with the controls. Ingestion as a hyperosmotic solution further enhanced abnormal lactulose permeation in the TM group. Although some of the TD group showed one or the other of these changes, discrimination of the TM group from the TD and control groups was improved when results were expressed as lactulose/rhamnose differential permeation ratios, especially when using a hyperosmotic stress. Similar abnormalities have previously been demonstrated in untreated gluten-induced enteropathy (coeliac disease). The magnitude of the absorption defects demonstrated in TM are more severe than would be anticipated from the jejunal mucosal abnormalities alone; this suggests that there is probably significant pathology in the distal small intestine (including the ileum) in TM.
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PMID:Intestinal absorption and unmediated permeation of sugars in post-infective tropical malabsorption (tropical sprue). 394 90

The effect of anticonvulsant drugs on folate metabolism and mental symptoms has been investigated extensively in hospital-based studies, but never before in the community or general practice setting. Blood count, serum vitamin B12, red blood cell (RBC), and serum folate were measured in a sample of 82 adult epileptic patients drawn from 5 group practices (14 general practitioners) in southeast London. All patients were receiving antiepileptic medication at the time of examination and were interviewed with a standardized measure of psychopathology. Serum folate values below the lower limit of the normal range (3-15 micrograms/L) were obtained in 9 (10.9%) subjects, and in 50 (60.9%) patients, serum folate concentrations were less than the mean (6.02 micrograms/L) for the whole sample. Macrocytosis was detected in 20 (24.3%) patients. RBC and serum folate levels were significantly correlated with one another, but not with vitamin B12 concentrations. Levels of RBC and serum folate were significantly lower in patients on polytherapy (n = 40) than in those on monotherapy (n = 42); the folate concentrations were also significantly lower in the group with psychiatric morbidity. The association between folate deficiency and affective morbidity was demonstrated for depression but not for anxiety. There was no relationship between serum vitamin B12 and psychiatric disturbance. These findings are discussed in the light of relevant literature regarding the mechanism of action of anticonvulsant drugs in folate depletion and the neuropsychiatric sequelae.
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PMID:Antiepileptic therapy, folate deficiency, and psychiatric morbidity: a general practice survey. 404 12

Indoles were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from control patients, from patients suffering from folate deficiency, and from patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. The folate-deficient patients were classified according to whether they exhibited a neuropsychiatric syndrome, consisting of organic mental changes, polyneuropathy, and depression, which responded to folate administration. CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was low in the vitamin B12-deficient patients and in those folate-deficient patients whose symptoms were not related to folate deficiency. CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid returned to normal with folate treatment in the patients exhibiting folate-responsive neuropsychiatric signs. The data indicate a close association between folate-responsive neuropsychiatric symptoms and changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in the central nervous system.
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PMID:Effect of folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies on 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in human cerebrospinal fluid. 618 39


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