Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A combination of intracellular electrophysiological recording and injection of horseradish peroxidase with ultrastructural immunocytochemistry was used to investigate the synaptic interplay between substance P- and enkephalin-immunoreactive axonal boutons and three types of functionally characterized dorsal horn neurons in the cat spinal cord. The dorsal horn neurons were classified as nociceptive specific, wide dynamic range and non-nociceptive based on their responses to innocuous and noxious stimuli. Most of the nociceptive neurons (either nociceptive specific or wide dynamic range) contained enkephalin immunoreactivity, but none of the non-nociceptive neurons were positive for enkephalin. Three types of immunoreactive boutons were found in contact with the functionally characterized dorsal horn neurons. These boutons were positive for either substance P, enkephalin, or substance P+enkephalin. Quantitative analysis revealed that the percentages of substance P-immunoreactive boutons apposed to the cell bodies, proximal dendrites and distal dendrites of nociceptive neurons were significantly higher than those of non-nociceptive neurons. Furthermore, the percentages of substance P+enkephalin-immunoreactive axonal boutons apposed to the distal dendrites of nociceptive neurons were significantly higher than those of non-nociceptive neurons and the percentages of enkephalin-immunoreactive boutons apposed to the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of nociceptive neurons were significantly higher than in non-nociceptive neurons. Finally, neither enkephalin-immunoreactive nor substance P+enkephalin-immunoreactive boutons were ever seen presynaptic to substance P-immunoreactive boutons. These results provide evidence of an anatomical substrate within the dorsal horn for the interaction of substance P-mediated with enkephalin-mediated mechanisms. The data support the idea that the modulation of nociceptive input in the dorsal horn by enkephalinergic neurons occurs mainly via a postsynaptic mechanism, and thus suggest that dorsal horn enkephalinergic neurons participate in a local inhibitory feedback loop in a distinct pathway from the previously postulated opioid-mediated depression of substance P release from primary afferent terminals.
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PMID:Substance P and enkephalin immunoreactivities in axonal boutons presynaptic to physiologically identified dorsal horn neurons. An ultrastructural multiple-labelling study in the cat. 907 Jul 53

Hypothermia protects the brain and other vital organs during periods of ischaemia. We differentiate between mild (36-34 degrees C), moderate (33-29 degrees C), deep (28-17 degrees C) and profund (16-4 degrees C) hypothermia. During hypothermia, cerebral metabolic rate and cerebral blood flow decrease dependent on temperature. The relation between temperature and cerebral metabolism is expressed by the temperature coeffizient Q10, which is the ratio between two metabolic rates separated by 10 degrees C. The following factors contribute to decreases in cerebral blood flow seen during hypothermia: cerebral metabolic depression, decreases in cardiac output, and decreases in arterial blood pressure with pH-stat management, increases in hematocrit and in blood viscosity. Mild or moderate hypothermia reduces histopathological damage and neurological deficits if started before and during cerebral ischaemia. Hypothermia may also improve neurologic outcome if initiated following focal cerebral ischaemia, but is less effective after global ischaemic insults. Mild hypothermia appears to be safer and more effective compared to moderate hypothermia. In most instances, deep hypothermia renders neurologic outcome worse, which is most likely related to the generation of toxic metabolites and inadequate myocardial function during rewarming. The neuroprotective effects of hypothermia are related to several mechanisms along the ischaemic cascade: prevention of postischaemic hypoperfusion, reduction of functional and basal metabolism, decreased accumulation of lactic acid and oedema formation, inhibition of excitatory neurotransmitter release, prevention of Ca(++)- and Na(+)-influx, inhibition of lipid peroxidase activity, and free radical formation, stimulation of regenerative immediate early genes. The side effects of hypothermia include myocardial ischaemia, cardiac arrhythmias, decreased left ventricular contractility, coagulation abnormalities, and suppression of metabolic and immunological processes.
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PMID:[Mild and moderate hypothermia as a new therapy concept in treatment of cerebral ischemia and craniocerebral trauma. Pathophysiologic principles]. 928 20

Exposed to a forced walking stress for 2 weeks, some rats became persistently inactive (depression-model rats), whereas others gradually recovered from exhaustion (spontaneous recovery rats). We also studied rats exposed to short-term stress, rats without stress, and the model rats treated with imipramine or saline. We examined the density of noradrenergic axons in the frontal cortex using retrograde labeling of the locus coeruleus with horseradish peroxidase injected into the cortex and immunohistochemical staining of cortical axons with dopamine beta-hydroxylase antiserum. The density was significantly lower in the depression-model rats, but tended to be higher in the recovery rats and short-term stressed rats. Chronic treatment with imipramine significantly increased the density in the model rats. There was also a correlation between the density of noradrenergic axons and the recovery rate of activity. Our results suggest that cortical noradrenergic degeneration is involved in the pathogenesis of depression.
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PMID:Long-term stress degenerates, but imipramine regenerates, noradrenergic axons in the rat cerebral cortex. 932 62

Extracts from the herb "St. John's wort" (Hypericum perforatum L.), besides other activities such as wound healing, antigout, antirheumatic and diuretic properties, are widely used to counteract neurological disorders such as depressive situations, nervousness and sleeplessness. The characteristic and leading component in these extracts, the dianthraquinone hypericin, is very likely not to represent the main active principle mediating the desirable effects. Thus, standardization of the drug is no longer based on the quantification of total hypericin and since several years simply the determination of dry matter content is in use instead. As biochemical background of depression the lack of catecholamine neurotransmitters or decreased beta-endorphins such as methionine- or leucine-enkephalins have to be envisaged. This communication reports on the inhibition of myeloperoxidase-catalyzed dimerization of enkephalins by Hypericum extracts. The substitution for enkephalins by tyrosine and for myeloperoxidase by horseradish peroxidase may represent a simple and inexpensive biochemical model reaction of pathological events during the manifestation of depressive events suitable for drug standardization.
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PMID:Biochemical activities of extracts from Hypericum perforatum L. 2nd Communication: inhibition of metenkephaline- and tyrosine-dimerization. 1008 78

The sulphydryl agent, cysteamine, accelerates the ageing-related accumulation of peroxidase-positive (iron-rich) cytoplasmic inclusions in rat subcortical astroglia and induces their appearance in primary neuroglial cultures. In the present study, infusion of cysteamine into the lateral ventricle of young, adult rats (1 mg/day for three weeks followed by a one-month drug "washout" period) significantly increased numbers of peroxidase-positive astrocytic granules in the stratum oriens of the CA1 hippocampus relative to saline-infused controls. In contrast to the gliopathic changes, no evidence of neuronal or myelin damage was observed in the cysteamine-exposed rats. The cysteamine-treated animals exhibited significant impairment in spatial learning as determined using a three-panel runway task. The working memory deficits were more robust at the end of the drug washout period than immediately following cessation of the cysteamine infusion. Thus, the cysteamine-related memory deficits are of long duration and are not due to any acute neuroactive properties of the drug itself. Using hippocampal slices prepared after the drug washout period, we observed attenuated paired-pulse depression, with no significant effects on basal excitatory synaptic transmission or induction of long-term potentiation, in the cysteamine-infused animals relative to controls. We propose that, in cysteamine-treated rats and in the course of normal ageing, hippocampal dysfunction and associated cognitive deficits may be secondary to fundamental pathological processes originating within the astroglial compartment.
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PMID:Acceleration of ageing-related gliopathic changes and hippocampal dysfunction following intracerebroventricular infusion of cysteamine in adult rats. 1021 9

Dry mouth is one of the major side effects of cyclic antidepressants, which are still a dominating group of psychotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of depression. In this study we analyzed the effects of 28 day tricyclic antidepressant administration and the reversibility of this treatment following a 15 day washout period on different parameters in submandibular gland function in aging rats. We postulated that desipramine would decrease gland function, accented with age, and delay recovery in senescent animals. In contrast to body weight, desipramine had no effect on glandular wet weight. While glandular DNA synthesis was changed with age and treatment, the concentration of total membrane and soluble proteins was not affected. Flow rate was significantly changed with age, but desipramine increased salivary flow in the youngest animals only. Neither age nor treatment influenced salivary protein concentrations, but the total amount of proteins secreted, revealed perturbation with age. SDS- polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed changes in protein expression with treatment and age. Desipramine decreased epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels in all age groups, but increased the secretion of peroxidase and lysozyme. Analysis of total RNA showed a pronounced decrease with age. These data indicate that desipramine has profound effects on submandibular salivary gland function.
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PMID:An analysis of submandibular salivary gland function with desipramine and age in female NIA Fischer 344 rats. 1108 May 33

Cyclic antidepressants are still a dominating group of psychotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of depression. Dry mouth is one of their major side effects. In this study we analyzed the effects of the long-term administration of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine and the reversibility of this treatment following a 15-day washout period on different parameters in parotid gland function in aging rats. We hypothesized that glandular function would be decreased, and recovery delayed with age. Drug treatment affected body weight, glandular weight, DNA synthesis, and the concentration of soluble and structural membrane proteins. Surprisingly, parotid flow rate was increased with desipramine in all ages. While the concentration of secreted proteins was generally decreased with treatment, total proteins secreted were quite stable. SDS/PAGE analysis revealed prominent changes with desipramine. Amylase activity was depressed with treatment, but only low residual cellular enzyme activity was detected in the glandular supernatant. Therefore, a secretory impairment with desipramine was excluded. The content of the antimicrobial proteins peroxidase and lysozyme was increased with desipramine in all age groups. Most parameters measured revealed delayed recovery with age. These data indicate that the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine has profound effects on parotid gland function, accented with age.
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PMID:An analysis of parotid salivary gland function with desipramine and age in female NIA Fischer 344 rats. 1116 18

Prion diseases are characterized by the conversion of the normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into a pathogenic isoform (PrP(Sc)). PrP(C) binds copper, has superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity in vitro, and its expression aids in the cellular response to oxidative stress. However, the interplay between PrPs (PrP(C), PrP(Sc) and possibly other abnormal species), copper, anti-oxidation activity and pathogenesis of prion diseases remain unclear. In this study, we reported dramatic depression of SOD-like activity by the affinity-purified PrPs from scrapie-infected brains, and together with significant reduction of Cu/Zn-SOD activity, correlates with significant perturbations in the divalent metals contents. We also detected elevated levels of nitric oxide and superoxide in the infected brains, which could be escalating the oxidative modification of cellular proteins, reducing gluathione peroxidase activity and increasing the levels of lipid peroxidation markers. Taken together, our results suggest that brain metal imbalances, especially copper, in scrapie infection is likely to affect the anti-oxidation functions of PrP and SODs, which, together with other cellular dysfunctions, predispose the brains to oxidative impairment and eventual degeneration. To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting a physiological connection between brain metals imbalances, the anti-oxidation function of PrP, and aberrations in the cellular responses to oxidative stress, in scrapie infection.
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PMID:Oxidative impairment in scrapie-infected mice is associated with brain metals perturbations and altered antioxidant activities. 1170 72

The stress metabolic activities of Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) cells induced by low-energy ultrasound (US) were examined. P. ginseng cells in suspension cultures were exposed to 38.5 kHz US at two power levels (power density 13.7 and 61 mW/cm(3)) for 2 min. The US treatment caused rapid increase in the intracellular levels of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (PO), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and the production of polyphenols (PP) and phenolic compounds. The US-induced enzyme activities and phenolics production are part of plant stress responses to a mechanical stimulus. The much higher PPO activity and rate of PP production in the sonicated cultures are correlated to enzymatic browning, suggestive of physical damage and membrane permeabilization of the cells by US. The cells after sonication also showed decreased water content and cell volume, which may also be attributed to US-induced cell membrane permeabilization and water release. High-pressure shock and fluid shear stress arising from acoustic cavitation were regarded as the major causes of the responses. Nevertheless, the US exposure caused only temporary cell growth depression but no net loss of biomass yield of the culture.
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PMID:Ultrasound-induced stress responses of Panax ginseng cells: enzymatic browning and phenolics production. 1215 22

Free radical processes and antioxidant systems activities were studied before and after treatment in blood and saliva of 23 depressive patients with ICD-10 diagnosis--6 with depressive episode and 17 with recurrent depression. Compared to control, blood plasma Fe(2+)-rodamine induced chemiluminescence, total peroxidase and catalase activities increased and blood plasma superoxide eliminational activity as well as superoxide dismutase activity in erythrocytes decreased in patients before treatment. At the same time, total peroxidase activity, superoxide eliminational activity and catalase activity were elevated in the patient's saliva. After antidepressant treatment, positive dynamics for many parameters studied was more pronounced in responders. Saliva was shown to be potential biological material for "oxidative stress" assessment and for treatment efficacy evaluation in depression.
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PMID:[Free radical processes and antioxidant system in depression and treatment efficiency]. 1237 82


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