Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since the mid-1980s resistance training has become an accepted part of the exercise rehabilitation process for patients eligible for traditional cardiac rehabilitation programs. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the safety of resistance training in Phase III/IV programs (Phase III--community based, beginning 6-12 wk posthospital discharge; a typical patient would be clinically stable with a functional capacity of > or = 5 METs; Phase IV--long-term maintenance) and more recently in Phase II (beginning within 3 wk posthospital discharge and lasting up to 3 months). Evidence is consistent that this form of training provokes fewer signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia than aerobic testing and training, perhaps because of a lower heart rate (HR) and higher diastolic pressure combining to produce improved coronary artery filling. The major role of resistance training in heart disease patients is to promote increased dynamic muscle strength. Increases in muscular strength have been associated with increased peak exercise performance, improved submaximal endurance, and reduced ratings of perceived leg effort. Two studies show that resistance training may result in improved self-efficacy for strength and exercise tasks and improved quality of life parameters such as total mood disturbance, depression/dejection, fatigue/inertia, and emotional health domain scores. The data on risk factor modification are somewhat equivocal. Studies on blood lipid profiles have mostly been contaminated by confounders, and the effects on blood pressure (BP) are inconsistent. There are encouraging reports that resistance training may increase glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, independent of changes in body fat or aerobic capacity. Future studies are needed in patients with congestive heart failure and orthotopic heart transplantation; muscle weakness is common in these groups and makes them excellent candidates to benefit from this form of exercise.
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PMID:Role of resistance training in heart disease. 978 66

The study aimed at assessing the frequency of psychiatric disorders in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thirty consecutive subjects in the age range of 6-12 years were interviewed with the help of a symptom checklist soon after they had achieved their first remission. The children were also administered the Children's Depression Rating Scale and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. One-third (n = 10) of the subjects received a diagnosis according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th ed. Ninety percent (n = 9) had emotional disorders. All the disorders were mild to moderate in intensity and were perceived to be easily treatable.
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PMID:Psychiatric morbidity in children suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 993 73

This study investigated the influence of levamisole therapy on immunocompetent cells and lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens in 25 children with brain tumor. Eleven (11/25) patients were receiving chemotherapy and immunomodulating drug levamisole 3 months after neurosurgery, during maintenance chemotherapy, 2.5 mg/kg of body weight per os, for three consecutive days every 2 weeks, for 6-12 months. The proportion of lymphocytes, proportion and number of T- and B-lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens were significantly lower in non-levamisole-treated patients than in the healthy controls (N = 18). Therapy with levamisole significantly augments the proportion of T lymphocytes, the number of T lymphocytes, NK cells, and the lymphocyte reactivity to concanavalin A (Con A). Depression of the NK cells and the lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens were much more pronounced in those patients who developed recurrences. Levamisole shortened the period of secondary immunodeficiency in immunocompromised children with brain tumor.
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PMID:Immunocompetent cells and lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens in levamisole-treated brain tumor children. 1040 70

The hypothesis that young infants are more sensitive to the haemodynamic depressant effects of halothane compared with older children was tested. One hundred and sixty unpremedicated, ASA physical status I or II paediatric patients without cardiac or pulmonary disease were divided into five age groups: term neonates, 1-6 months, 6-24 months, 2-6 years and 6-12 years. Anaesthetic induction was achieved with halothane in oxygen and air via mask. Vecuronium 0.1 mg.kg-1 was administered intravenously. During normocapnic manual ventilation by mask, endtidal halothane concentration was maintained at either 2xage-specific MAC (Method I) or 1.7% (Method II) in 20 patients in each age group for 10 min. In both Method I and Method II, systolic and mean blood pressure of term neonates and infants aged 1-6 months decreased significantly (P < 0.01) compared with other age groups. The results of this study demonstrate that neonates and young infants are more susceptible to haemodynamic depression during halothane anaesthesia than are older children, confirming clinical experience.
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PMID:Haemodynamic depression by halothane is age-related in paediatric patients. 1079 42

This study compared the efficacy and safety of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline with that of the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine in patients with severe depression, as defined by a baseline 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) of at least 25. The study included 166 outpatients, randomized to double-blind treatment with sertraline (50-200 mg) or clomipramine (50-150 mg) for 8 weeks. The efficacy of both treatments was similar, 74% of patients in the sertraline group and 71% of clomipramine patients being classified as responders at the end-point, as defined by a Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score of 1 or 2. Mean HAM-D scores fell from 29.8 at baseline to 12.3 at endpoint in the sertraline group, and from 29.6-12.7 in the clomipramine group. There were more withdrawals due to adverse events in the clomipramine group than in the sertraline group (17% versus 12%). Dry mouth, tremor, dizziness and constipation were all substantially more common in the clomipramine group, whereas diarrhoea/loose stools was more common in the sertraline group. Overall, sertraline was as effective as clomipramine in this group of severely depressed outpatients, and showed better tolerability.
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PMID:A double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of sertraline and clomipramine in outpatients with severe major depression. 1099 28

This study used data from a completed longitudinal study to examine the effects of methylphenidate on 6-12-year-old boys presumably at risk for bipolar disorder. Of 75 boys referred, diagnosed with hyperkinetic reaction of childhood (minimal brain dysfunction), treated clinically with methylphenidate, and followed as young adults, 23% (the maximorbid or MAX group) had childhood symptoms of irritability and emulated DSM-IV diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), plus oppositional defiant or conduct disorder (ODD/CD) and anxiety or depression or both. The remaining boys (the minimorbid or MIN group) had fewer symptoms and disorders. MAX and MIN groups did not differ in rated response to methylphenidate, duration of treatment, clinically determined maintenance doses, concurrent or subsequent treatment with other medications, or other aspects of medication experience. At ages 21-23, individuals with bipolar-related lifetime diagnoses (adult mania, hypomania, or cyclothymia) did not differ from those without bipolar-related diagnoses in any aspect of early methylphenidate treatment history. These findings indicate that ADHD boys with symptoms suggesting childhood mania do not respond differently to methylphenidate than boys without such symptoms, and there is no evidence here that methylphenidate precipitates young adult bipolar disorders in susceptible individuals.
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PMID:Stimulant treatment in young boys with symptoms suggesting childhood mania: a report from a longitudinal study. 1105 7

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has antidepressive and antipsychotic effects. Since being introduced in Italy in 1938, its mode of action has still not been clarified. Treatment modalities have changed in many ways. ECT, in which a generalized epileptic seizure is provoked by electrical stimulation of the brain, is performed under short intravenous anesthesia and muscle relaxation. Considering careful previous clinical examination and anesthesiological and internal counterindications, ECT is a very safe form of treatment. Single cases of persisting memory impairment were described after the formerly common bilateral sinus wave stimulation. However, recent developments such as brief pulse stimulation, unilateral electrode placement, and individual stimulus titration (on the basis of EEG monitoring) make memory impairment as a consequence of ECT a rare event which mostly remits completely in 4-8 weeks. Today, ECT is performed mainly in patients suffering from severe, therapy-resistant affective or schizophrenic disorders. Pernicious catatonia and the neuroleptic malignant syndrome are emergency indications. Adequate ECT treatment requires a series of 6-12 individual sessions (every second or third day). In therapy-resistant depression, for which the greatest number of data are available, the response rate lies between 50 and 60%. This has been confirmed by a descriptive analysis of all ECT treatments at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Vienna, between 1994 and 2000. There is a need for controlled studies on continuation therapy subsequent to successful ECT.
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PMID:[Use of electroconvulsive therapy in psychiatry]. 1157 99

We examined marital conflict, parent-child conflict, and maternal and paternal depression symptoms as mediators and moderators in the associations between fathers' and mothers' problem drinking and children's adjustment. A community sample of 6-12-year-old boys and girls and their mothers, fathers, and teachers participated. Marital conflict, parent-child conflict, and maternal depression symptomatology each functioned as a mediator of the association between father's problem drinking and children's externalizing and internalizing problems, and maternal depression symptoms accounted partially for the link between father's problem drinking and children's social problems. For mother's problem drinking, marital conflict, parent-child conflict, and maternal depression symptoms each mediated the association with children's externalizing problems. Further, parent-child conflict explained partially the link between mother's problem drinking and internalizing problems, and marital conflict accounted for the association between mother's problem drinking and social problems. When the mediators were simultaneously examined, parent-child conflict was the most robust mediator of the association between parental problem drinking and externalizing problems, and maternal depression symptomatology was the most consistent mediator of the relation between parental problem drinking and internalizing problems. Further, parent-child conflict and paternal and maternal depression symptoms each interacted with parental problem drinking to moderate some domains of children's adjustment. The significant moderation effects indicate that parent-child conflict is a robust vulnerability factor for internalizing problems.
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PMID:Parental problem drinking and children's adjustment: family conflict and parental depression as mediators and moderators of risk. 1169 43

Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression is likely important in the pathogenesis of sepsis. However, the sepsis-mediated induction of iNOS is associated with a decrease in constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) activity (which is reversible following acute but not chronic sepsis). Whether this decreased cNOS activity is due to functional inhibition of cNOS by the high concentrations of NO produced by iNOS or to downregulation of cNOS expression is not clear. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that sepsis produces a reversible iNOS/NO-mediated inhibition of cNOS activity. Using a rat cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) model of sepsis, we examined the time course of the changes in iNOS and cNOS activities in lung and thoracic aortae. Reversibility of the sepsis-induced decrease in cNOS activity was assessed in vitro by enzyme activity determination following selective inhibition of iNOS. iNOS and endothelial cNOS protein concentrations were determined by Western blotting. In all septic tissues, cNOS activity was depressed at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-CLP. Inhibition of the increased iNOS activity with aminoguanidine, in vitro, partially restored cNOS activity following acute (6-12 hours) but not chronic sepsis (24-48 hours post-CLP). Consistent with the irreversible depression of cNOS activities in tissues following chronic sepsis, endothelial NOS protein concentrations declined progressively during the time course of sepsis. We have demonstrated the restoration of cNOS activity following in vitro inhibition of iNOS, early, and the downregulation of endothelial NOS, later, in a rat CLP model of sepsis. This suggests that further study is required before iNOS-selective inhibition can be considered in human sepsis.
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PMID:Functional inhibition of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in a rat model of sepsis. 1201 7

Clinical experience, and a pathology study, of 184 women on Neogynon (.25 mg d-norgestrel and .05 mg of 17-ethinyl estradiol, micro 20) was assessed for a total of 3129 cycles. 53 women were nursing babies before use of the pill, and 44 continued to do so throughout pill usage. Endometrial biopsies were taken premenstrually, during the period of full hormonal effect, for 40 cases before and then 6-12 months after initiation of pill usage; biopsies were studied for effect of the combined steroid on the building up of endometrium. The combination pill was 100% effective, with no failures. 23 cases (12.5%) failed to continue through the 18th cycle. 4 cases stopped after the 2nd cycle and 6 more after the 4th; the remaining stopped after the 12th cycle. No change in menstrual pattern was noticed in 136 (73.9%) of the cases; 14 presented with menorrhagia and endometrial biopsy of one of these showed regressive and mixed endometrial changes. 2 cases of intermenstrual spotting were reported. Hypomenorrhea was reported in 16 cases. Side effects were generally effects on the central nervous system: 7 cases of headache and dizziness, 7 cases of mild depression, and 3 cases of sexual anorexia. No gastrointestinal side effects were reported. 44 cases (of 53) continued lactation, and 9 noticed a progressive decrease in the amount of milk produced. 8 cases gained weight and 13 lost, 2 enough to quit using the pills. Hair loss was a noticeable complaint in 5 cases. Endometrial biopsies revealed grades of arrest of endometrial development. 85% showed a resting endometrial pattern, whereas 15% were atrophic. Endometrial response was rather irregular and mainly of the mixed type in 90% of the cases and about 10% were proliferative.
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PMID:A clinico-pathological study of Neogynon as a new oral contraceptive steroid. 1226 40


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