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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Laboratory and epidemiological evidence indicate that the enhanced flux of iron and zinc from the plasma to the storage compartments, such as liver, serves as a protective host response to combat infection. Studies were performed to determine the status of this nonspecific immune response in the diabetic animal, since it is commonly held that the diabetic has an increased incidence and susceptibility to infection. Normal rats and rats previously rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) were injected with either saline or Escherichia coli endotoxin, and plasma levels of zinc, iron, and copper were monitored 8 hr thereafter. Diabetic rats reduced their plasma zinc and iron levels by 35 and 25%, respectively, in response to endotoxin injection whereas control rats had a 70% decrease in zinc and a 46% depression in iron. Insulin administration to the diabetic rats restored the ability to decrease plasma zinc and iron to the same degree as control rats. Plasma copper did not change in any group. Further investigation suggested that the defect in trace metal response occurred after the secretion of leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM) in the inflammatory response pathway. It is concluded that STZ-diabetic rats have a diminished ability to decrease plasma zinc and iron in response to endotoxin, and that this defect is due to an ineffective response of target tissues to the effects of leukocytic endogenous mediator. Furthermore, it is postulated that the hyperinsulinemia associated with the stress of infection functions to lower plasma zinc and, possibly, iron, thereby allowing the host to better combat infection.
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PMID:Depressed response of plasma iron and zinc to endotoxin and LEM in STZ-diabetic rat. 684 54

Resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake is well documented in uremia. We have previously reported that in vivo resistance to insulin mediated amino acid uptake is present in the skeletal muscle of acutely uremic rats. This report compares the effect of insulin on in vitro 14C alpha-amino isobutyric acid and cycloleucine uptake by skeletal muscle from uremic and control rats. Intracellular accumulation of 14C alpha-amino isobutyric acid were normal in the diaphragm and epitrochlear muscle of acutely uremic rats in the absence of insulin. However, insulin failed to further stimulate amino acid uptake in both tissues. Insulin also failed to stimulate cellular uptake of cycloleucine in skeletal muscle from acutely uremic animals. Resistance to insulin-mediated amino acid uptake was evident in rats with chronic uremia. This resistance to insulin mediated increases in intracellular amino acid concentration may contribute to the abnormal depression in protein synthesis or the exaggerated gluconeogenesis and alanine turnover seen in uremia.
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PMID:In vitro suppression of insulin-mediated amino acid uptake in uremic skeletal muscle. 699 70

The soleus, a slow-contracting, and the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), a fast-contracting muscle, from the guinea-pig were prepared for measurement of isometric contractions in vitro. Insulin, 2.5-55 mu/ml, caused a dose-dependent depression of twitches and subtetanic concentrations of the soleus muscle similar to and additive with that produced by the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, terbutaline. The effect of terbutaline but not that of insulin was blocked by propranolol. Insulin had no apparent effect on the contractions of the EDL, whereas terbutaline increased the force of contraction. When depressed by KCl, however, insulin partially restored the twitch tension in both muscles. The possible role of effects on the Na+-K+ transport is discussed.
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PMID:The effect of insulin on skeletal muscle contractions and its relation to the effect produced by BETA-adrenoceptor stimulation. 699 34

Insulin secretion after intravenous administration of glucose was studied in fourteen dogs, twelve of which were four years of age or older. Based on several characteristics of insulin secretion kinetics, normal and impaired insulin responses were defined in the experimental subjects. Among those, five exhibited a marked depression of the initial stage of insulin release which was followed by a stage of relative hyperinsulinemia. Similarities between canine and human insulin secretion patterns were noted, and the potential usefulness of the procedure for the early detection of canine diabetes mellitus discussed.
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PMID:Abnormal insulin secretion in adult canines. 702 95

Preliminary data from the National Institute of Mental Health-Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression dealing with the human growth hormone (hGH) response to the Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT) during the pre-treatment (drug-free) period of the study are presented in this paper. Data are reported for 54 unipolar depressed, 21 bipolar depressed, and 40 normal control subjects, who represent approximately 50% of the final subject sample to be studied. In this population the unipolar depressed subjects showed a significantly greater resistance to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia than bipolar and control subjects. After applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria necessary to interpret hGH responses accurately, the data from only 54 subjects were acceptable. Mean peak hGH concentrations were not significantly different among the three groups. There was, however, a significant difference in the distributions of the hGH peak response, with the bipolar depressed population demonstrating greater variability in response than unipolar and control populations. These findings are discussed as they relate to previous reports and theoretical considerations.
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PMID:Insulin tolerance test: human growth hormone response and insulin resistance in primary unipolar depressed, bipolar depressed and control subjects. 704 20

The Walker 256 carcinosarcoma growing in Sprague-Dawley rats and the Morris 5123 hepatoma growing in Buffalo rats both produce cachexia but have widely differing patterns of host metabolism and tumor growth. Both organisms respond to exogenous insulin with increased food intake and rate of weight gain of host. The insulin treatment response of food intake was 1.5 to 2 times and of body weight gain was 2 to 3 times that of tumor-free controls. Insulin does not accelerate tumor growth. On withdrawal of insulin, the reactive hypophagia seen in tumor-free rats does not occur in tumor bearers, and the host weight does not return to the expected untreated value as it does in tumor-free rats. Most of the weight gained during insulin treatment of tumor bearers above that gained by tumor-free rats is retained after withdrawal of insulin. A computer model based on the inference from these results, that the tumor-bearing host is blind to body weight error, indicates that this abnormality of feeding control could account for only about one-third of the observed depression of host weight and food intake.
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PMID:Feeding response of tumor-bearing rats to insulin and insulin withdrawal and the contribution of autonomous tumor drain to cachectic depletion. 704 59

One,three-butylene glycol (BG) was isocalorically substituted for glucose and fed ad libitum to lean (XB) and obese (HL) swine at 0, 10, and 20% of the total dietary ME from 25 kg body weight until slaughter at 90 kg. BG depressed rate and efficiency of gain in both groups. Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration was increased by the ketogenic energy substitution. Plasma glucose and free fatty acids were not influenced by diet composition. Adipose tissue utilization of glucose for lipogenesis was depressed by BG in both XB and HL animals after 4 wk of treatment. Insulin added in vitro increased glucose utilization by approximately 20% in adipose tissue from both breed groups; however, the BG induced depression of glucose utilization for fatty acid synthesis was still evident. Insulin-stimulated glucose utilization was greater in XB then in L swine. After 12 wk of dietary treatment, animals given BG had significantly increased plasma insulin concentration and decreased plasma urea concentrations. Although the absolute rates of lipogenesis had decreased after 12 wk of treatment, similar diet-related results were obtained. Insulin did not stimulate glucose utilization by adipose tissue from animals of either breed group at this latter sampling. Fatty acid esterification was slightly depressed by BG at the 4 wk sampling, but after 12 wk of treatment, only a significantly breed group effect was evident. Subcutaneous fat thickness, loineye area and carcass percentage lean cuts were not influenced by diet composition. This experiment demonstrated that ketogenic energy and substitution in the diet does depress the rate of de novo lipogenesis from glucose as measured by in vitro incubation of swine adipose tissue. Supplementation of the incubation media with massive quantities of insulin did not reverse the dietary treatment effects, and animals of both lean and obese phenotypes responded similarly to the dietary treatment. The absence of dietary treatment effects on indices of body fat content suggest that ketone bodies may be substituted for glucose as a lipogenic substrate in swine.
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PMID:Effects of dietary 1,3-butylene glycol on adipose tissue metabolism from lean and obese swine. 708 91

We studied the effects of 6-week treatment with nifedipine (35 mg/kg/day orally, p.o.) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Injection of STZ [45 mg/kg intravenously, (i.v.) single dose] produced a significant increase in blood pressure (BP), bradycardia, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, depression in left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), cardiomyopathy, and nephropathy. Treatment of diabetic rats with nifedipine normalized the BP and prevented bradycardia. Insulin levels were decreased after nifedipine treatment in diabetic as well as nondiabetic rats. However, serum glucose levels were also partially decreased in diabetic animals by nifedipine treatment. In control animals as well, glucose levels were in the normal range despite lower insulin levels observed after nifedipine treatment. Nifedipine treatment significantly prevented STZ-induced increase in cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Nifedipine treatment significantly prevented STZ-induced hypothyroidism and also prevented STZ-induced cardiac depression and cardiomyopathy. Our data indicate that nifedipine increases insulin sensitivity and has some beneficial effects on cardiovascular parameters. It may therefore be considered a preferred drug in the treatment of hypertension associated with diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Effects of chronic nifedipine treatment on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 756 66

Insulin sensitivity was assessed by euglycemic insulin clamp method in the rats given Kanechlor (KC)-400 for 1 to 12 weeks. As a result, insulin sensitivity was depressed increasingly with period of administration of KC-400. Increases in total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglyceride, lipid peroxide and T3 in blood plasma were also observed in the experimental rats. Voluntary daily activity of rats given KC-400, especially in a later half of night-time, had been depressed since approximately 9 weeks after start of the experiment. It was concluded that depression of insulin sensitivity might be related to not only disturbance of glucose and lipid metabolism, but reduced daily activity in conjunction with disturbed thyroid function.
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PMID:[Effect of PCBs on insulin sensitivity in rats]. 762 15

We attempted to evaluate the quality of life of patients with proved long-lasting chronic pancreatitis. We measured the clinical and psychological status of 60 patients who had undergone various surgical treatments for their disease. The presence and severity of depression and other symptoms of distress were assessed, as were disease-specific functional and physical problems. Few patients had serious conditions, such as pain, malnutrition, or psychoneurotic complaints. The relation between depression and the time of onset of symptoms and of surgery appeared doubtful, and no statistically significant correlations were found between severity of emotional disturbance and other functional characteristics. Insulin-dependent diabetes and correlated diseases had the most negative influence on everyday well-being. Postoperative follow-up and the need for recurrent medical control and care did not lead to negative feelings.
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PMID:Surgery for chronic pancreatitis: what quality of life ahead? 763 96


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