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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experiments were performed to investigate the immunological consequences associated with the persorption of poorly degradable carregeenans from the diet. Using an inbred strain of rat it was demonstrated histochemically, by the carrageenan-specific Alcian blue staining technique, that small quantities of food-grade carrageenans given at 0.5% in drinking-water for 90 days could penetrate the intestinal barrier of adult animals. This apparently occurred via an intact mucosa in the absence of inflammatory or pathological lesions. The carrageenan was demonstrated in macrophage-like cells present within the villi and lamina propria of the small intestine. The oral administration of kappa, lambda or iota food-grade carrageenans did not affect local (biliary) or systemic antibody responses to gut commensal microorganisms, or to orally-administered sheep erythrocytes. However, when sheep red blood cells were administered parenterally the ensuing anti-sheep red blood cell haemagglutinating antibody response was temporarily suppressed in carrageenan-fed rats. lambda-Carrageenan and iota-carrageenan both significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01 and P less than or equal to 0.05, respectively) reduced the mid-phase (14-28 days) haemagglutinin response; kappa-carrageenan (L100) was less effective but caused significant depression at day 21 (P less than or equal to 0.01). Individual responses were, however, within the control range 35 days after sheep erythrocyte administration, thus indicating the temporary nature of this effect. Although carrageenan administration depressed the anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody response, it did not affect T-cell immune competence as measured by the popliteal lymph node assay for graft-versus-host reactivity.
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PMID:Effect of orally administered food-grade carrageenans on antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity in the inbred rat. 638 Dec 64

The present retrospective study compared objectively the prognostic value of many variables routinely used in the assessment of equine colic cases. The best prognostic variables were those which assessed the integrity of cardiovascular function. Ranked in order of decreasing merit the following variables were able to discriminate between horses which lived and those which died: systolic pressure, blood lactate concentration, oral mucous membrane capillary refill time, diastolic pressure, arterial pulse amplitude, degree of mental depression, blood urea concentration, haematocrit, heart rate, haematocrit/plasma protein ratio, oral mucous membrane colour, jugular filling rate, frequency of gut sounds, differential blood leucocyte count, blood glucose concentration and respiratory rate. Assessment of systolic pressure alone appropriately classified the outcome (survival or death) of 86 per cent (64 out of 73) cases examined. Combined assessment of systolic pressure, blood lactate concentration, blood urea concentration and haematocrit permitted accurate classification of 93 per cent (68 of 73) of the cases examined. Outcome classification formulae for these four variables, alone and in all combinations, are presented.
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PMID:Prognosis in equine colic: a comparative study of variables used to assess individual cases. 688 10

1. Sodium depletion which occurred in cattle following exteriorization of a parotid duct produced depression of both plasma and salivary sodium, acidosis, elevated plasma aldosterone and renin activity. Increased sodium appetite, characteristic of sodium depletion, was assessed by operant behaviour where scoring of panel pressing for NaHCO(3) rewards showed change in sodium appetite.2. Sodium-depleted calves readily drank the calculated ionic deficit as a hypertonic solution (4 l.) in a few minutes, or as an isotonic solution (16 l.) usually within 30 min.3. When the ionic deficit was restored by either i.v. infusion or drinking, sodium appetite was reduced significantly. The suppression of sodium appetite was more rapid when the depleted ions were replaced by drinking (30 min) than by i.v. infusion (2 hr) but in both circumstances the effect was short lived since sodium appetite redeveloped within 3 hr.4. The rapid return of sodium appetite following restoration of the ionic deficit occurred even when the plasma sodium level was normal. Other biochemical changes resulting from sodium depletion, such as acidosis and reduced salivary sodium, could not be correlated with variation in sodium appetite.5. Rapid infusion of Ringer saline (4 l.) did not inhibit the sodium appetite, which suggests that neither vascular volume changes per se nor vascular baroreceptors control sodium appetite in sodium-deficient calves.Plasma aldosterone fell rapidly following infusion of the hypertonic solution but only slightly with the isotonic infusion. The change in plasma hormone level was not related to changes in sodium appetite.6. Drinking the hypertonic solution produced a marked reduction in panel pressing for NaHCO(3) with a rapid rise in plasma sodium. Consumption of the larger volume of isotonic solution also inhibited sodium intake but plasma sodium remained low. A secondary increase in plasma renin activity (p.r.a.) occurred following ingestion of the hypertonic solution, but both p.r.a. and aldosterone fell to normal levels over the next 6 hr when the cattle again showed marked sodium appetite. It is possible that these effects may be due to ion and fluid movement between gut and extracellular fluid and reflect osmolality changes or tissue dehydration.7. It is concluded that the sodium appetite of sodium deficient cattle is only temporarily alleviated by restoration of the depleted ionic loss, and that the behavioural response to seek sodium rewards is independent of plasma sodium, p.r.a., aldosterone and volume changes in the gut and vascular system.8. Recent reports suggest that sodium appetite may be controlled by receptors in the hypothalamus or by angiotensin II in the brain. In cattle the capacious gut may also be involved, since sodium appetite is inhibited more rapidly when the depleted ions are taken orally than by i.v. infusion.
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PMID:The effect on salt appetite and the renin-aldosterone system on replacing the depleted ions to sodium-deficient cattle. 702 8

ATP induced a concentration-dependent reduction of the velocity of propulsion in isolated segments of rabbit colon as assessed by the aboral displacement of an intraluminal rubber balloon, and delayed the onset of the propulsive wave. ATP depressed both the reflex contraction of the circular coat above the distended balloon and the response of the circular muscle to transmural (cholinergic) stimulation. On the contrary, ATP (up to 200 muM), while causing relaxation of the circular muscle, had no effect on either the muscular contractile response induced by carbachol and histamine or the non-adrenergic inhibitory responses elicited by electrical stimulation and by radial distension of the gut wall. Within the concentration range used (10-200 muM), ATP concentration-depression curves for propulsion and transmural excitatory stimulation were shifted to the right in the presence of theophylline (10 muM). Theophylline, however, had no influence on either the direct inhibitory action of ATP on circular smooth muscle or the non-adrenergic relaxation in response to electrical stimulation. These data are consistent with the concept that at least two populations of purinergic receptors are present in intestinal tissue. Those populations located presynaptically, unlike those located postsynaptically, are blocked by theophylline. Since the contractile machinery does not appear to be affected by ATP concentrations up to 200 muM, the mechanism by which ATP impairs propulsive activity is probably dependent on activation of presynaptic purinergic receptors located on the nervous pathways subserving the wave of contraction, without having any appreciable influence on descending inhibition.
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PMID:Mode of action of ATP on propulsive activity in rabbit colon. 712 78

The stages that occur during the assembly of both pleated and smooth septate junctions in developing insect tissues have been examined. The oesophagus and mid-gut of the embryonic moth, and the oesophagus and central nervous system (CNS) of the locust embryo, have been investigated in thin sections and by freeze-fracture during the course of membrane biogenesis. The smooth septate junctions developing between the lateral borders of the mid-gut exhibit, in the early stages, individual intramembranous particles becoming aligned into short ridges. These ultimately migrate over the membrane face and fuse into longer arrays, which become stacked in parallel with other ridges to form the characteristic mature form of the junction just before hatching. Pleated septate junctions occur between the cells both of the oesophagus and of the perineurium, which ensheathes the neurones and the neuroglial cells in the locust CNS; these are also fully formed by the end of embryonic development. The pleated junctions appear to be assembled during the later stages of CNS or gut differentiation, arising first in embryos about two-thirds of the way through development. During their maturation, the initial event seems to be a membrane depression in the P face, which occurs in patches over the presumptive junctional membrane. Into these depressed regions or 'formation-plaque' areas, 8-10 nm particles appear to be inserted intramembranously in apparently random arrays. These particles are the most common elements but larger particles are also present; the former ultimately become aligned in a row. With time, other intramembranous particles come to lie in rows parallel to the original one. By hatching, the typical undulating stacks of parallel intramembranous particle rows are fully formed. Gap junctions also form between the same perineurial or oesophageal cells, usually before, but in some cases at the same time, or just after, the septate junctions have been assembled. Tricellular associations between cells also appear around the same time in embryonic development. The simultaneous assembly of these different junctions reflects a high degree of organizational capacity at the membrane level.
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PMID:Stages in the assembly of pleated and smooth septate junctions in developing insect embryos. 716 66

The interaction in the chick gut between Streptococcus faecium and its phage was examined. In conventional chicks, large numbers of S. faecium and phage were found in the cecum and smaller numbers were found in the anterior gut. In gnotobiotic chicks associated with S. faecium SY1 and its phage, there was no marked effect on bacterial numbers, but resistance to the phage rapidly developed. Depression of chick growth caused by S. faecium strain SY1 was partially reversed by its phage.
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PMID:Ecology of Streptococcus faecium bacteriophage in chicken gut. 719 Mar 68

Urinary excretion of piperidine, a heterocyclic pressor amine of gut bacterial origin and nicotine-like activity in the brain, has been estimated by a gas chromatography method in healthy men and women, in normal breast-fed and formula-fed infants and in infants with untreated coeliac disease. The excretion of piperidine cannot usually be detected during the first week of life. The amount present in urine increases upon weaning with higher excretion in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants at four to six months of age. When premature infants fed on human milk are weaned, the urinary content of piperidine rises from undetectable amounts to normal for age. The high content present in untreated coeliac disease may be responsible for the initial mental depression commonly seen in this disease and suggests that piperidine is one of the "auto-intoxicating" substances arising from the bacterial decomposition of protein postulated by Metchnikoff in 1903 but hitherto unidentified.
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PMID:Increased excretion of a brain depressor amine in infantile coeliac disease and in healthy infants on a high protein milk diet. 723 85

In female NIH strain mice, expulsion of a primary infection of the nematode Trichinella spiralis began on day 8 and was virtually complete by day 14 of infection. In secondary and tertiary infections, the number of larvae which established in the intestine was normal, but expulsion began on day 6 and was complete on day 10. In a primary infection the shedding of larvae by female worms began on day 5, reached its peak on days 6--7, began to decrease on day 8 and was minimal by day 10. In secondary and tertiary infections fecundity was depressed. The depression of fecundity occurred slightly in advance of worm loss. During the stable phase of infection, T. spiralis occurred in the anterior half of the small intestine. During expulsion, living worms were found increasingly in more posterior parts of the gut but their fecundity did not vary with position. After direct inoculation into the posterior ileum, adult and larval T. spiralis remained in the posterior half of the small intestine. In this position, larvae established in normal numbers, grew and reproduced normally. Therefore, any part of the small intestine was a suitable site for T. spiralis and expulsion is not merely due to a change in the position of the worms.
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PMID:Effects of the host immune response on the longevity, fecundity and position in the intestine of Trichinella spiralis in mice. 738 9

Morphine, met-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, tetrodotoxin (TTX), and atropine antagonized the gut-contracting effects of the peptides neurotensin and bombesin. The opioids and TTX shifted the concentration-response curves to the right and mostly depressed the maximum response to the agonists; atropine caused only depression of the maximum. Morphine was more potent than the opioid peptides. Naloxone did not modify the effects of neurotensin and bombesin. However, it completely abolished the antagonistic effects of the opioids, but not that of atropine. In conclusion, neurotensin and bombesin stimulate the intramural neurons via a process that is inhibited by the activation of opioid receptors.
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PMID:Antagonism of the gut-contracting effects of bombesin and neurotensin by opioid peptides, morphine, atropine or tetrodotoxin. 743 14

The present study examined the effects of dexamethasone on mucosal adaptation after massive small bowel resection. Rats underwent 80% jejunoileal resection or a sham operation and received either vehicle or 128 micrograms.kg-1.day-1 sc dexamethasone for 7 days. Dexamethasone infusion resulted in decreased weight, DNA content, and protein content in the duodenojejunal and ileal mucosa in both sham and resected rats. Sucrase, lactase, and maltase activities (all in mumol.g protein-1.min-1) in the duodenojejunal mucosa were elevated by dexamethasone infusion. By contrast, enzyme activities were elevated only in the ileal mucosa of dexamethasone-infused sham-operated rats compared with sham-operated control rats, and dexamethasone did not elevate enzyme activities in resected rats. We further examined whether the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on mucosal adaptation may be related to changes in either insulin-like growth factor (IGF) or IGF binding protein (BP) serum levels. Serum IGF-I and IGF-II levels were markedly decreased in dexamethasone-infused resected and sham-operated rats. IGF BP-1 serum levels were elevated by dexamethasone treatment with a concomitant depression in serum IGF BP-2 levels. IGF BP-3 levels were lowered by dexamethasone treatment in sham-operated rats and by gut resection, and serum IGF BP-4 levels did not change. These results suggest that the growth-inhibiting effects of dexamethasone in small intestinal mucosa may be partially mediated by decreased serum IGF levels or by alterations in IGF activity associated with changes in serum levels of IGF BPs.
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PMID:Dexamethasone inhibits mucosal adaptation after small bowel resection. 751 28


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