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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Changes in thyroid function may affect mood, behavior, and cognitive function. Selenium is required for appropriate thyroid hormone synthesis, activation, and metabolism. Selenium status influences thyroid function. Selenium status also affects psychological condition and cognitive function. The author suggests that the effects of selenium status on mood, behavior, and cognition may be partly mediated by changes induced by selenium deficiency or selenium supplementation in thyroid function. Selenium deficiency decreases immunocompetence and promotes viral infections. The author proposes that patients who have a combination of depression, hypothyroidism, and increased susceptibility to viral infections, could reasonably be assessed for selenium deficiency, especially if they live in an area where the soil is low in selenium.
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PMID:Role of thyroid hormones in the effects of selenium on mood, behavior, and cognitive function. 1160 74

The optimization of a continuous flow system for electrochemical hydride generation coupled to microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MIP-AES) for the determination of Se is presented. A small electrolytic cell with a porous glassy carbon working electrode was used for hydride generation. When using an Ar MIP operated in a TE101 cavity a detection limit of 0.6 ng mL(-1) (3sigma) could be achieved. The calibration curve was linear up to 1 microgram mL(-1). A standard deviation of less than 2% (10 replicate analyses) could be achieved. It was shown that interferences of transition metals are of the same order of magnitude as with a larger electrolysis cell described earlier, and light elements hardly caused any signal depression as tested. It was possible to distinguish between Se(IV) and Se(VI) species and seleno-DL-methionine, because under optimized conditions of an electrolysis current of 10 mA, a microwave power of 210 W, an Ar flow rate of 15 L h(-1) and a sample flow rate of 2.5 mL min(-1) only Se(IV) was transformed to H2Se and transferred into the plasma. Finally, the possibility of an electrochemical pre-enrichment was shown to enable it to further decrease the detection limit.
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PMID:Optimization of electrochemical hydride generation in a miniaturized electrolytic flow cell coupled to microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of selenium. 1176 60

In order to investigate the effect of selenium (Se) on electrocardiograms (ECG), we studied the serum Se levels and ECG in 25 patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. Serum Se levels in patients receiving tube feeding with enteral formulae were lower than those in orally fed patients. ECG abnormalities including an inverted T wave and depression of the ST segment were more common in patients under tube feeding. During tube feeding with enteral formulae, it is necessary to examine serum Se levels and ECG. Serum Se levels should be kept at 5 to 6 micrograms/dl to prevent cardiac dysfunction. To prevent selenium deficiency, either addition of ordinary foods, replacement by selenium-rich formula, or Se supplementation is recommended.
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PMID:[Selenium deficiency and electrocardiography changes in patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities on long-term tube feeding]. 1180 6

This study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin E and selenium (Se) on lipid peroxidation (MDA), serum and liver concentration of antioxidant vitamins, and some minerals of Japanese quails reared under heat stress (34 degrees C). One hundred twenty 10-d-old Japanese qualis (60 males, 60 females) were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups, 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The experiment was designed in a 2x2 factorial arrangement using two levels of vitamin E (125 and 250 mg/kg of diet) and two levels of selenium (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg of diet). Greater dietary vitamin E and selenium inclusions resulted in a greater (p = 0.001) serum vitamin E and vitamin A, but lower (p = 0.001) MDA concentrations. Liver vitamin E and vitamin A concentrations increased (p = 0.001) and MDA concentrations decreased (p = 0.001) when both dietary vitamin E and selenium increased. No interactions between vitamin E and selenium were detected (p > or = 0.11) for any parameters. Increasing both dietary vitamin E and selenium caused an increase in serum concentrations of Fe and Zn (p = 0.001), but a decrease in serum concentration of Cu (p = 0.001). Results of the present study showed that dietary vitamin E and selenium have synergistic effects and that supplementing a combination of dietary vitamin E (250 mg/kg of diet) and selenium (0.2 mg/kg of diet) offers a good management practice to reduce heat stress-related depression in performance of Japanese quails.
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PMID:Protective role of supplemental vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation, vitamin E, vitamin A, and some mineral concentrations of Japanese quails reared under heat stress. 1188 99

Sodium selenate and sodium selenite are used as supplements to poultry and livestock feed to promote growth and prevent selenium deficiency diseases. Both compounds have been found in chemical waste sites. Thirteen-week toxicity studies were conducted by administering the chemicals to groups of male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice in drinking water. Animals were evaluated for hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis (rats only), histopathology, and reproductive system effects. In the studies of sodium selenate, groups of 10 male and 10 female rats and mice received 0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, or 60 ppm sodium selenate for 13 weeks. These concentrations were estimated to deliver 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.1 (males), or 0.8 (females) mg selenium/kg body weight for rats and 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.5, or 2.6 mg/kg selenium for mice. All male and female rats exposed to 60 ppm died. The final mean body weights of rats exposed to 30 ppm sodium selenate and of mice exposed to 30 or 60 ppm were 13% to 29% lower than those of the controls. Water consumption by rats and mice exposed to 15 ppm or greater was decreased. Decreases in urine volume and increases in erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentrations, alanine aminotransferase activities, urea nitrogen, and urine specific gravity were considered related to dehydration, as indicated by the decreased water consumption and mean body weights in groups showing these differences. Administration of 7.5 ppm sodium selenate or greater was associated with increased incidences of renal papillary degeneration in rats. Dehydration may have been a contributing factor. No lesions related to sodium selenate administration occurred in mice. In the studies of sodium selenite, groups of 10 male and 10 female rats and mice received 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 ppm sodium selenite for 13 weeks. These concentrations were estimated to deliver 0, 0.08, 0.13, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 (males), or 0.9 (females) mg/kg selenium for rats and 0, 0.14, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9, or 1.6 mg/kg selenium for mice. Two female rats exposed to 32 ppm died during the study. The final mean body weights of rats and mice exposed to 32 ppm were 17% to 54% lower than those of the controls. Water consumption by exposed rats and mice decreased with increasing exposure concentration. Changes in hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis parameters similar to those observed in rats exposed to sodium selenate were observed in rats exposed to sodium selenite. These effects were also considered related to dehydration, as indicated by the decreased water consumption and mean body weights in exposed groups. Sodium selenite administration was associated with increased incidences of renal papillary regeneration in rats. Dehydration may have been a contributing factor. No lesions related to sodium selenite administration occurred in mice. Based on mortality in rats, body weight depression, and renal lesions, sodium selenate and sodium selenite were more toxic to rats than to mice. These chemicals caused increases in estrous cycle length in rats; sodium selenite also caused an increase in estrous cycle length in mice. Based on mortality, body weight depression, decreased water consumption, and renal papillary lesions, the estimated no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in rats was 0.4 mg selenium/kg body weight for sodium selenate and for sodium selenite. Based on body weight depression and decreased water consumption, the estimated NOAEL in mice was 0.8 mg selenium/kg body weight for sodium selenate and 0.9 mg selenium/kg body weight for sodium selenite. NOTE: These studies were supported in part by funds from the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act trust fund (Superfund) by an interagency agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service.
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PMID:NTP Toxicity Studies of Sodium Selenate and Sodium Selenite (CAS Nos. 13410-01-0 and 10102-18-8) Administered in Drinking Water to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. 1196 37

The selenium-deficient mouse-trypanosome system was used to study the effects of selenium deficiency in Swiss Webster mice infected with Trypanosoma musculi. In selenium-deficient mice, a low parasitemia was observed and infection was cleared by day 16 post-inoculation (PI), whereas control mice sustained the parasitemia until day 24 PI. There were no significant differences in size variability of the trypanosomes; however the range of variability in the length of parasites differed significantly between the three groups. In comparison to mice on complete or pair-fed diets, the selenium-deficient mice produced lower concentrations of IgG(1), IgG(2b), IgG(3), and IgM. The levels of IgG(2a) and IgA were lower than normal controls. The results of the present study indicated that there was a severe depression in primary and secondary antibody responses to sheep red blood cells in all inoculated mice. However, these responses were significantly less depressed in selenium-deficient mice.
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PMID:Effects of selenium deficiency in the development of trypanosomes and humoral immune responses in mice infected with Trypanosoma musculi. 1210 76

Sulfur Mustard (SM) is a potent alkylating agent with electrophilic property which has been used as a chemical warfare agent in at least 12 conflicts. It has reemerged as a major threat in recent years. Medical attention is primarily concerned with its action on the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract which may be complicated by damage to ophthalmic, pulmonary, and gasterointestinal systems, followed by bone marrow depression. The cytotoxicity of SM and production of reactive oxygen substances (ROS) has been proposed to result from electrophilic or oxidative stress with depletion of cellular detoxifying thiol levels including glutathione. Also, ROS are transformed by iron-requiring reactions into highly toxic oxidants that cause a chain reaction with membrane phospholipids to form lipid peroxides, leading to loss of membrane function, membrane fluidity, and finally membrane integrity. Provision and availability of scavengers of ROS and electrophilic compounds such as glutathione, sulfhydryls compounds, antioxidants, and substances that will increase production of endogenous scavengers may be considered protective and useful. Thereby, the role of substances such as selenium, copper, zinc, and antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and compounds like beta-carotene against SM cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation might be interesting to be investigated in experimental animal models.
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PMID:Sulfur mustard intoxication, oxidative stress, and antioxidants. 1212 50

Depression and behavioral problems are common in patients undergoing dialysis. Researchers have reported that serum selenium concentrations are generally lower in dialysis patients than in healthy controls. Considerable evidence suggests that selenium deprivation leads to depressed mood, and high dietary or supplementary selenium seems to improve mood. Low plasma selenium concentrations in the elderly are significantly associated with senility and cognitive decline. The author suggests that dialysis-related selenium loss may play a role in biological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders in dialysis patients.
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PMID:Role of selenium depletion in the effects of dialysis on mood and behavior. 1216 Jun 88

Chronic heavy alcohol consumption adversely affects both macronutrients and micronutrients. Alcohol use affects selenium status. Considerable evidence suggests that selenium status may modify mental function. The author suggests that the effects of alcohol intake on mood, behavior, and cognition may be partly mediated by biological changes related to selenium deficiency. It has been observed that there is a trend towards the normalization of selenium levels in patients with alcoholism after a relatively short period of abstinence from alcohol. It has also been observed that when depression develops in persons with alcoholism, they are likely to improve fairly rapidly after a relatively short period of abstinence from alcohol without therapy aimed at the depressive symptoms. The author suggests that improvement in depressed patients after a period of abstinence from alcohol might be in part related to the normalization of selenium status. Treatment and prevention of comorbid alcoholism and mood disorders require more attention by research workers, practicing physicians, and the general public. Future studies of the etiology and pathogenesis of mood disorders in patients with alcoholism are merited.
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PMID:Role of selenium depletion in the etiopathogenesis of depression in patients with alcoholism [corrected]. 1798 Apr 99

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of a cycle of estivation and awakening on free radical metabolism in selected organs of the land snail Helix aspersa. Estivation for 20 days induced a 4.9- and 1.8-fold increase in selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity (Se-GPX) and in total glutathione levels (GSH-eq), respectively, in hepatopancreas when compared to activity in active animals 24 h after awakening. Foot muscle Se-GPX activity was also increased 3.9-fold during estivation, whereas GSH-eq did not vary. The activities of other antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were unchanged in both organs. After 15 min of awakening, the glutathione disulphide (GSSG)/GSH-eq ratio increased significantly by 55% in hepatopancreas, slowly returning to the levels observed during estivation. The higher GSSG/GSH-eq ratio may be caused by increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during awakening. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) decreased from 49 to 30.7 nmol g(-1) wet mass in hepatopancreas after 5 min arousal and, after 30 min, TBARS rose significantly to 39.6 nmol g(-1) wet mass, gradually declining thereafter. The levels of lipid hydroperoxides in hepatopancreas and of carbonyl protein in foot muscle both decreased during awakening. The higher levels of products of free radical damage during estivation may have resulted from low levels of ROS formation associated with decreased rates of lipid hydroperoxide detoxification and oxidized protein turnover caused by metabolic depression. The regulation of the antioxidant system during hypometabolism may constitute a mechanism to minimize oxidative stress during cycles of estivation and awakening.
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PMID:Hypometabolism, antioxidant defenses and free radical metabolism in the pulmonate land snail Helix aspersa. 1251 85


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