Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ketamine, currently being evaluated as an obstetric anaesthetic agent, is said to provide analgesia without depression of the protective airway reflexes or depression of the respiratory or cardiovascular systems. We have studied the effects of ketamine on the uterine blood flow, the foetus and the newborn in five monkeys (Macaca nemistrina). Uterine blood flow, (UBF) was measured by the steady-state infusion technique using tritiated water as the indicator. All of the variables were measured during a control period and again at 10 and 90 min after the administration of ketamine in doses of 2 mg/kg in three monkeys or 1 mg/kg in two. Maternal respiration was maintained at normal physiological levels without significant variation. The maternal mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume (SV) did not change significantly, but heart rate (HR) did increase significantly following the injection of ketamine and remained increased for the duration of the study. UBF, a-v oxygen difference, and the oxygen consumption of the uterus and its contents remained stable throughout. During the intrauterine period the foetus did not seem to be affected by the two doses of ketamine. However, the three newborn monkeys delivered of the mothers who had reveived ketamine 2 mg/kg had profound respiratory depression. This was not seen in the two infants delivered from mothers receiving 1 mg/kg. Others have shown that neonatal depression is dose- and time-related. We conclude that ketamine should be administered to obstetric patients in small single doses or by continuous infusion in very low concentrations.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory depression in newborn monkeys at Caesarean section following ketamine administration. 81 Dec 35

Competitions for access to water were conducted weekly in a captive group of Macaca arctoides. After giving birth, parturient females that had been low in order of access showed elevation. Elevation was not due solely to increased motivation for water, since it depended on the presence of higher ranking animals. Presence of higher ranking animals did not influence agonistic behavior involving parturient females as greatly as it influenced order of access to water. Elevation of access order after parturition tended to be long lasting, and it was not an artifact of depression in access order preceding birth. Delivery of a dead fetus did not alter access order.
 ...
PMID:Effect of parturition and group composition on competitive drinking order in stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). 81 95

Two groups of depressed subjects, one with a history of recurrent depression, the other with a history of persistent apathy, were given lithium carbonate 1,200 mg q.i.d. and supplementart potassium 1,200 mg t.d.s. for 1 week. Measurements were made before and after the lithium treatment of total body water (tritium space), extracellular fluid (sulphate space), total exchangeable sodium (Nae) and total exchangeable potassium (Ke) using sodium-24 and potassium-42 multiple isotope dilution techniques. Prior to treatment when compared with a group of normal subjects, both depressed groups showed changes in body fluid volumes and electrolyte levels. Total body water, intracellular fluid and intracellular potassium were lowered, while electrolyte levels. Total body water, intracellular fluid and intracellular potassium were lowered, while intracellular sodium was raised. After treatment with lithium the values in the apathetic group showed little change but the group with recurrent depression showed a significant increase in intracellular fluid (p less than 0.025), Ke (p less than 0.001), intracellular potassium (p less than 0.025) and a significant decrease in Nae (p less than 0.05). There was a marked increase in mood in the group with recurrent depression but not in the apathetic group following lithium treatment. These findings suggest that recurrent depression, both in clinical improvement, mood and also correction of water and also correction of water and electrolyte disturbances arise, but not in patients with long-standing apathy.
 ...
PMID:Lithium in depression: a biochemical study. 83 Feb 57

Sodium reabsorption along the nephron was studied before and after acute unilateral denervation of the left kidney in anesthetized rats with extracellular volume expansion. Studies were also performed before and after sham denervation. Denervation increased urine volume (V) from the left kidney from 35.2 to 59.2 mul min-1 (P less than 0.001) and urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) from 6.9 to 11.8 mueq min-1 (P less than 0.001). The control right kidney showed a simultaneous 45% decrease in V and UNaV. Inulin clearance (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) remained unchanged after denervation in both kidneys. Left kidney late proximal (F/P)m decreased from 1.50 to 1.24 (P less than 0.01); single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) remained unchanged. (F/P)m ratios were also decreased in early distal (3.87-2.65, P less than 0.005) and late distal (5.48-3.83, P less than 0.02) convolutions. Fractional and absolute Na reabsorption in the distal convolution did not decrease. GFR, RPF, V, UNa, late proximal (F/P)m, and SNGFR were unchanged in sham-denervated rats. The increases in V and UNa V produced by acute renal denervation in the volume-expanded anesthetized animal are thus caused by further depression of proximal tubular salt and water reabsorption.
 ...
PMID:Acute unilateral renal denervation in rats with extracellular volume expansion. 83 10

The respiratory and pupillary effects of oral l-, d-, and d,l-methadone were studied in healthy male volunteers 21 to 35 yr of age. The mean half-life of drug in blood was 22 hr for racemic methadone, 24 hr for l-methadone, and 25 hr for d-methadone. The effects of d-methadone were not significantly different from the placebo response at a 7.5 mg dose, whereas a 50 and 100 mg dose slightly depressed respiration in one subject each. Both 7.5 mg of l-methadone and 15 mg of d,l-methadone induced intense and sustained respiratory depression and miosis. The changes induced by l-methadone were of longer duration than those of d,l-methadone, lasting more than 72 hr in some subjects. Whole blood drug concentration correlated well with respiratory depression and miosis for l- and d,,l-methadone. The potency ratio of l-methadone to d,l-methdone, calculated from blood drug concentration data, was found to be 3.0 for respiratory depression and 2.7 for miosis. The antiduretic effect of 15 mg of d,l-methadone was investigated in three subjects and was found to persist for as long as measurements were taken, namely 11 and 12 hr in two subjects. d,l-Methadone administered frequently for pain may have cumulative effects on respiratory control and ability to excrete a water load.
 ...
PMID:Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of racemic methadone and its optical isomers. 83 34

To study the effects of contraction mode on ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship, we compared the end-systolic pressure of isovolumic contraction with that of ejecting contraction at an identical end-systolic volume. The left ventricle of excised cross-circulated canine hearts was fitted with a water-filled balloon. The balloon was connected to a hydraulic pump that allowed the ventricle to contract to a preset constant end-systolic volume (19-37 ml) from a variable end-diastolic volume. At each of control, enhanced, and depressed levels of contractility, differences of end-systolic pressures of steady state isovolumic and ejecting contractions were evaluated while stroke volume and velocity of ejection were widely varied. The end-systolic pressure in the ejecting contraction tended to decrease by 5-15% from that of the isovolumic beat with increases in either stroke volume to 20-25 ml or peak velocity of ejection to about 800 ml/sec. There was no obvious difference in the results at different levels of contractility. The magnitude of the end-systolic pressure depression due to ejection was, however, relatively small as compared to 4-fold changes in end-systolic pressure due to the changes in contracility. We, therefore, conclude that the ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship is affected slightly by ejection, and that this effect is much smaller than the maximal effect of changing contractility on the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship.
 ...
PMID:Effects of stroke volume and velocity of ejection on end-systolic pressure of canine left ventricle. End-systolic volume clamping. 85 81

Mice, administered haloperidol 3 mg/kg/day, in their drinking water for 21 days, were tested for their responsiveness to cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs 4 days after withdrawal from haloperidol (or vehicle). Haloperidol-treated animals administered methylhyoscine (1 mg/kg i.p.) and various doses of physostigmine (5 to 1215 microgram/kg) displayed significantly less depression of locomotor activity than vehicle-treated animals. Atropine, 5 mg/kg, whilst ineffective in producing locomotor stimulation in vehicle-treated animals, produced marked stimulation in haloperidol-treated animals. Methylatropine (5 mg/kg) did not produce significant stimulation in either group. Dopamine receptor supersensitivity was present in these animals as haloperidol-treated mice, pretreated with alpha-methyltyrosine and reserpine, displayed a significantly greater locomotor response to apomorphine than did vehicle-treated animals. The data support the hypothesis that long-term administration of haloperidol produces an apparent hyposensitivity of central muscarinic receptors.
 ...
PMID:The demonstration of a change in responsiveness of mice to physostigmine and atropine after withdrawal from long-term haloperidol pretreatment. 87 70

Since maternal-fetal immunogenetic disparity facilitates growth of the fetoplacental unit, nonspecific depression of the maternal immune system by immunosuppressive drugs could result in previously unrecognized adverse effects such as fetal growth retardation. To test this hypothesis, groups of 6 to 8 primigravid Fischer female rats mated with DA or Fischer male rats were treated with saline (controls) or either cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) or azathioprine (Imuran) in doses similar to those used therapeutically in human subjects. It was found that these drugs caused an increased incidence of fetal death and produced fetal and neonatal growth retardation. Smaller placentas and fetuses reflected a decrease in cell number rather than cell size whereas water, fat, and protein content were only minimally affected. Analyses of mean maternal weight gain, spleen weight assays, and changes in the lymph nodes draining the uterus indicate that effects detrimental to the offspring are primarily the result of immunologic and cytotoxic mechanisms. Moreover, a review of the literature suggests that these immunosuppressive agents are also associated with small-for-gestational age infants in human pregnancies.
 ...
PMID:Fetal growth retardation associated with maternal administration of immunosuppressive drugs. 87 25

Urethral obstruction induced in adult male cats caused clinical signs identical with those observed in naturally occurring disease. Central nervous system depression, anorexia, dehydration, vomiting, muscle weakness, and hypothermia occurred. Weight loss (due to water loss and catabolism), metabolic acidosis, mild hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperglycemia, azotemia, and hyperproteinemia were also observed. Serum amylase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase activities were normal. Ten of 13 cats (group 1), with 72 hours' induced obstruction but not treated with parenteral fluids, died either before the obstruction was relieved or within 8 days afterward. Eight cats (group 2) with induced obstruction for 49 to 98 hours developed severe clinical and biochemical alterations. Treatment with a multiple-electrolyte solution, in addition to relief of urethral obstruction, resulted in favorable clinical and biochemical responses. These cats survived and were clinically healthy at 9 to 10 days after relief of obstruction. It was concluded that use of a multiple-electrolyte solution to correct acidosis, restore circulatory volume, and enhance renal excretion of potassium was effective supportive therapy after urethral obstruction was removed.
 ...
PMID:Characterization and treatment of water, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances of induced urethral obstruction in the cat. 87 80

Twenty dogs underwent 1 hour of topical hypothermic arrest; five were untreated, five received methyl prednisolone (30 mg/kg), five received 0.2% procaine, and five received both drugs. Arrest was almost immediate (less than 2 min) with procaine, but was delayed 14 +/- 3 minutes in the other groups. Steroid-treated dogs had the highest post-ischemic left ventricular (LV) blood flows (110 +/- 22 cc/100 g/min) (P less than 0.05). Membrane-stabilizing drugs did not prevent myocardial edema; LV water rose 2% (P less than 0.01) in all groups. Post-ischemic LV compliance was depressed most (55%) in the untreated group, and less after procaine (30%) (P less than 0.05). Postischemic LV performance was depressed 44% (P less than 0.01) in the untreated dogs, and returned to near normal levels with steroid (89% recovery), procaine (97% recovery), and both drugs (95% recovery). We conclude that steroids and/or procaine protect against postischemic myocardial depression but do not prevent myocardial edema. Combining steroids and procaine provide no apparent added benefit, but procaine has the technical advantage of almost immediate cardioplegia.
 ...
PMID:Effects of membrane stabilization on the safety of hypothermic arrest after aortic cross-clamping. 88 19


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>