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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the effect of ethanol on glucose and water absorption in vivo. In preliminary experiments, using sodium amytal anesthesia, we found that control animals, whose jejunal segment was perfused without ethanol, required more anesthetic agent than those perfused with ethanol. Thus, to allow for unbiased comparison of the absorption data between the two groups of animals, all absorption studies were carried out on conscious restrained hamsters. We found that ethanol did not influence the permeability of the jejunum to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and meglumine diatrizoate. In addition, ethanol did not influence the time required for the onset of steady-state absorption. Using both the gravimetric and the electrical methods, we were unable to show any measurable osmotic pressure exerted by ethanol (150-1050 mM) on the hamster jejunum. In the absorption studies we found that perfusion of the hamster jejunum with five increasing concentration of ethanol (450-1050 mM) appeared to cause a concentration-dependent depression in steady-state glucose transport. Water transport was depressed only when 4.8% (1050 mM) ethanol was perfused.
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PMID:Effect of ethanol on glucose and water absorption in hamster jejunum in vivo. Methodological problems: anesthesia, nonabsorbable markers, and osmotic effect. 56 12

The osmolalities of breast milk and of 36 products that may be fed to infants were determined by the freezing-point depression method. A wide range of osmolality was observed among formulas that provide 67 kcal/100 ml, and many have osmolalities greater than 400 mOsm/kg of water. Reconstituted powdered formulas have osmolalities that are widely varied from batch to batch, are greater when prepared by scoop measures when the osmolalities of corresponding ready-to-feed formulas, and are greater than the osmolalities of the formulas prepared by weighed measures from the manufacturer's formulation. The osmolality of products for oral consumption should be considered in the selection of formulas for preterm infants.
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PMID:Osmolalities of infant formulas. 57 69

The distribution of blood flow was determined with radioactive microspheres following scald injury in guinea pigs. Burn was induced in halothane-anesthetized guinea pigs by a 3-sec immersion to the xiphoid process in 100 degree C water. Cardiac output and fractional blood flow measurements were made at preburn, 15-min postburn, and 75-min post-burn. In the scalded animals cardiac output decreased 58% by 75 min postburn. Three different blood flow responses to burn were noted: a) Brain, heart, hepatic artery, and adrenals received an increased fraction of the cardiac output; b) the fractional distribution of the diaphragm, liver (portal), spleen, gastrointestinal tract, muscle (from burned portion of the body), and bone remained constant; while c) the pancreas, burned skin, nonburned skin, and adipose tissue received a reduced fraction of the cardiac output. Although some regions of the body (i.e., brain and heart) received a greater percentage of the total cardiac output after burn injury, the cardiac output decrease was sufficient to cause a depression in absolute blood flow to all but two sites (adrenals and hepatic artery).
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PMID:Regional blood flow redistribution during early burn shock in the guinea pig. 59 5

Male rats were raised from birth in either continuous light (LL) or in 14 h light/10 h dark per day (LD) at 22 +/- 1 degree C. Food and water were administered ad libitum. Groups of rats were killed by decapitation at 14, 20, 25, 35, 41, 45, 51, 55, 58, 63, and 79 days of age. Testicular (TW), ventral prostate (VPW), and seminal vesicle (SVW) weights were measured. Serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and androgens were quantified by radioimmunoassay. Results indicate no significant change in TW or spermatogenesis. Spermatozoa were first seen in the lumen of 10% of seminiferous tubules at 35 days of age in both LD and LL rats and by 42 days of age, 80% of tubules from both LD and LL rats contained spermatozoa in the lumen. A highly significant depression in accessory structure development (VPW, SVW) was observed as a result of LL exposure. Serum FSH levels in LL rats were depressed on days 45, 51, 55, and 58 but elevated at 79. Serum PRL concentrations were elevated in LL rats on days 41, 55, 58, 63, and 79, whereas serum androgen levels were depressed on days 58, 63, and 79. Results suggest that exposure to LL results in delayed maturation of the accessory structures in the reproductive system of the male rat possibly as a result of reduced FSH or elevated PRL levels, which in turn may modify the rate and pattern of LH and/or androgen secretion.
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PMID:Sexual maturation of male rats in continuous light. 62 41

1. The effect of extracellular volume expansion (ECVE) during water diuresis, and of water diuresis alone, on the formation of free water in man was compared. 2. ECVE reduced free water formation at any given rate of distal delivery compared with water diuresis. Thus, ECVE depresses distal sodium chloride reabsorption. 3. This attenuation of free water formation occurred both when urine flow (V/100 ml glomerular filtration rate) and distal chloride delivery [(Cwater + Ccl)/100 ml glomerular filtration rate] were used as the terms for distal delivery. 4. We suggest that the distal depression of sodium chloride reabsorption after ECVE is robably due to a direct inhibition of distal sodium chloride transport mechanisms, and not to the flooding of the diluting site by the poorly reabsorbable bicarbonate ion.
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PMID:The effect of acute extracellular volume expansion on sodium chloride reabsorption in the diluting segment in man. 63 Aug 10

Hansen's membrane manometer method for measuring plasma colloid osmotic pressure was used to obtain the osmolality changes of dogs breathing different levels of CO2. Osmotic pressure was converted to osmolality by calibration of the manometer with saline and plasma, using freezing point depression osmometry. The addition of 10 vol% of CO2 to tonometered blood caused about a 2.0 mosmol/kg H2O increase of osmolality, or 1.2% increase of red blood cell volume. The swelling of the red blood cells was probably due to osmosis caused by Cl- exchanged for the HCO3- which was produced rapidly by carbonic anhydrase present in the red blood cells. The change in colloid osmotic pressure accompanying a change in co2 tension was measured on blood obtained from dogs breathing different CO2 mixtures. It was approximately 0.14 mosmol/kg H2O per Torr Pco2. The corresponding change in red cell volume could not be calculated from this because water can exchange between the plasma and tissues.
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PMID:Colloid osmotic pressure changes of dog's blood exposed to different mixtures of CO2 and air. 63 65

Glucose and water transport is depressed in the hamster jejunum in vivo by ethanol (4.8%) which also produced fluid-filled blebs at the tips of the villi. The epithelial cells over the blebs appeared stretched and cuboidal, the lateral intercellular spaces (LIS) were no longer recognizable, and the lacteals were closed. Forty-five minutes after discontinuation of the ethanol, water transport returned to normal while glucose transport remained depressed. At this time the villus structure had returned to normal. The blebs had disappeared, the LIS were again recognizable, and their appearance and number were similar to those in the control animals. Thus, the depression of water transport correlated with the obvious structural changes caused by ethanol; however, the depression of glucose absorption is associated with some effect of ethanol not evident by routine light microscopy.
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PMID:The correlation of ethanol-induced depression of glucose and water transport with morphological changes in the hamster jejunum in vivo. 63 49

Injection of a water-soluble dermal extract into adult rats resulted in depression of DNA synthesis in granulation tissue at 3 different sites of injury, but not in epithelium. This suggests that connective tissue proliferation may be controlled in part by a chalone-like mechanism.
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PMID:The inhibitory effects of a dermal extract upon granulation tissue. 65 54

1. The influx of a number of amino acids into squid giant axons has been studied. Particular emphasis has been placed on glycine and to a lesser extent glutamate. 2. To facilitate the study of the uptake of 14C-labelled amino acids a technique was devised in which the 14C taken up was measured directly in the intact axon with a glass scintillator fibre. This technique gave results similar to the usual technique in which the axoplasm was extruded for the assay of radioactivity. 3. The changes in glycine influx with extracellular glycine concentration suggests that two saturating components are present, one with high affinity and one with low affinity. 4. The glycine influx does not seem normally to be sensitive to the removal of extracellular sodium by replacement with choline. A Na-sensitive component appeared, however, after a period of immersion in artificial sea water. There was also some depression of glycine influx if Na were replaced by Li. 5. Glutamate uptake was greatly reduced by removal of extracellular Na in confirmation of work by Baker & Potashner (1973). Orthophosphate uptake was also greatly reduced by removal of extracellular Na. 6. CN reversibly inhibited glycine uptake after a delay, indicating that part of the uptake mechanism may require ATP. 7. 14C-labelled glycine injected into squid axons was found not to exchange to any serious extent with other compounds over periods of a few hours. The glycine efflux could therefore be studied. This was found to be markedly increased by extracellular glycine and by certain other neutral amino acids applied extracellularly in the artificial sea water. 8. The enhanced glycine efflux in extracellular glycine was not affected by ouabain and CN. 9. It is suggested that glycine uptake in squid axons involves two components. One is sensitive to CN and ouabain and probably derives energy from ATP break-down. The other is probably an ATP independent exchange diffusion system in which other amino acids as well as glycine can exchange for glycine. Both these systems are independent of extracellular Na concentration. A third Na-dependent system may appear under certain conditions.
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PMID:Glycine fluxes in squid giant axons. 67 Dec 72

Colchicine, a drug which produces a reversible inhibition of intraaxonal transport and synaptic transmission, was used as a reversible neural blocker to investigate the role of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in the control of ingestive behavior and body weight regulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intracranial microinjections of colchicine into the VMH. Volume and concentration of the colchicine solution were varied to assess specificity of action and dose-response relationship. When colchicine (2 and 4 microgram) was microinjected bilaterally into the VMH, there was a dose-dependent increase in food and water intakes and body weight gain which lasted several days. The acute period of hyperphagia was followed by a marked depression in feeding which persisted until body weight was lowered to control levels. This suppression of feeding appeared to be a consequence of the preceding period of hyperphagia and obesity, since colchicine-treated rats which were pair-fed with controls to prevent obesity continued to maintain normal food intake and body weight gain when later fed ad libitum. The results of this study confirm the importance of the VMH in the long term regulation of feeding, and indicate that reversible neuronal blocking with colchicine is a useful technique for investigating the neural substrates of feeding and other behaviors.
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PMID:Reversible hyperphagia and obesity following intracerebral microinjections of colchicine into the ventromedial hypothalamus of the rat. 67 51


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